learning objectives; carefully designed, sequential learning tasks that enable studentachievement; and accountability upon teachers to provide evidence of their educationaleffectiveness through their maintaining of records of assessment scores. Eisner (1985) evokesthe image of a “staircase with few landings and no hallways feeding into it” when describingcurriculum as technology, and tells us that “the aim of the staircase is to increase the efficiencywith which one arrives at the top floor” (p. 82). One implication of conceiving of curriculumas a technical undertaking is that greater attention is given to the processes in an educationsystem, rather than the substantive purposes. In a process-oriented system driven by a technicalorientation to curriculum, ESD is unlikely to receive significant attention in the classroom,particularly when it is competing against other political agendas, including globalisation andinternational comparison (Smith & Stevenson, 2017).Research