Toxaem ía • Definition: cirulation

Toxaem ía
• Definition: cirulation of bacterial toxins in the blood causing pathological manifestations.
• Types of toxin according to sources:
• Exotoxins :produced by life bacteria (G÷) gram positive as diphtheria.
• Endotoxins : released from dead bacteria (G-) gram negative as typhoid bacilli.
• Types of toxaemia:
• Acute toxaemia occurs in acute infections as diphtheria.
• Chronic toxaemia: occurs in chronic infections as tuberculosis.
• manifestation of toxaemia:
• General symptoms ( Fever, Headache, weakness)
• Degeneration (Heart, kidney, liver)
• Necrosis and haemorrhage of the adrenal cortex.
• Anaemia.
Bacteraem ía
• Definition : tranient presence of small number of bacteria in the blood stream.
• Pathogenesis: bacteria enter the blood stream from a septic focus in the body, a common example of bacteraemia is that occurring after tooth extraction.
• Effect of bacteraemia:
• Usually bacteria are destroyed.
• Sometimes bacteria localized as in osteomyelitis.

Septicaem ia
• Definition : the circulation and multiplication of large number of virulent bacteria and their toxins in the blood stream.
• Aetiology: pyogenic bacteria as streptococci and abacillus.
• Sources: pin prick, septic wounds, puerperal sepsis and acute osteomylitis.
• Pathology of streptococcus haemolyticus septicaemia:
• Red cell haemolysis by haemolysin.
• Petechial haemorrhage in the skin, mucous and serous membrane.
• Cloudy swelling, fatty change and focal nerosis in the heart, liver and kidney.
• Supportive inflammatory.
• Acute splenic swelling.
• Acute bacterial endocrditis may occur.
Pyaem ia
• Definition : circulatin of septic emboli in the blood stream( b.s.), and their arrest in different organs causing multiple small abscesses.
• Pathogenesis:
• when a septic focus involve a vein, septic thromophiebitis occurs -
• prolytic enzyme break down fragments -‘
• these fragments circulate in b.s. as septic emboli -
• septic emboli get impacted in the small pyaemic abscesse.
• The bacteria are the pyogenic organisms.
• Types of pyaemia:
• Systemic pyaemia : smaller emboli from the lung reach the kidney, liver, brain....
• Portal pyaemia : in abdomenal forming multiple pyaemia abscesses.

• Pathological picture:
• The affected organ shows multiple small abscesses.
• Toxaemia lead to cloudy swelling and fatty change.
• Leucocytosis may occur in pyaemia.
Sapremia
• Pathological picture:
• The affected organ shows multiple small abscesses.
• Toxaemia lead to cloudy swelling and fatty change.
• Leucocytosis may occur in pyaemia.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Definition : is the single most important infectious disease and a prototype example ot granulomatius inflammation. It’s often infect all parts of human body as also animals specially cows.
• Etiology:
• cause of this disease is bacilti bacteria catted “ Koch bacilli” who Germanic discovers this disease.
• Disease transmits from infected human or infected cow’s through its milk or meat.
• By inhalation droplet which contain bacilli or by digestion of milk or meat which contaminated with bacilli.
• By direct touch with skin by contaminated material as meat or dressing.
• Bacilli bacteria infects: lunge, skin , tonsils, intestine.
• children was born without any infection but infected after that by any causes or methods above.
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Tuberculosis types
• Tuberculosis bacilli can be spread in all human body parts, and that is give it different types as:
• Pulmonary bacilli.
• Skin bacilli.
• Rheumatic bacilli
• Intestinal bacilli
• Meningitis bacilli.
Clinical picture
• Pulmonary tuberculosis is a common disease and oldest, it has three(3) phases:
• Primary phase : dry and hemato cough, dyspenia, tachy penia.
• Mediatory phase : acute humidity cough, and extracts finally yellowish pusses phlegm, may be mix with blood.
• Finally phase : the cavities in lung appear in different volumes, the symptoms increase in acute, and the patient status bad, it may lead to Hth

P rotectve
• ndividuaI protective: taken vaccine
• General protective:
Personal health:
• Never touch material of another person
• Never sputum on ground or floor.
• Never cough directly on air.
• Avoid throng place.
Quality control:
• Outlook cow’s health.
• Outlook cow’s milks and meats.
• Outlook patient with tuberculosis
Typhoid fever
• Definition: Typhoid fever is an acute enteric disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacillus called Salmonella Typhi and this bacillus resides within mononuclear phagocytic cells of lymphoid tissues.
• The disease is unique humans and it is characterized by fever, splenomegaly and neutropenia.
• Transmission: Feco-oral routes through contaminated foods

Pathogenesis:
• Infection is by ingestion of the organism, in 50% of cases penetrate the small intestine mucosa and reach the circulation with transient bactraemia
• Bactermic phase, characterizing the clinical features of the diseases.
• In the gastrointestinal may show
• Hyperplasia in first week
• Necrosis in second week
• Ulceration in third week
• Healing in fourth week
Clinical picture
• Typhoid fever is a protracted disease that is
associated with
• Bacteraemia, fever and chills during the first week
• Widespread reticuloendothelial involvement with rash abdominal pain and prostration in the second weeK and
• Ulceration of payer’s patches with intestinal bleeding and shock during the third week
Complications may include:
•lntestinal perforation: 3 —4% and it is responsible to 25% of the death
•Intestinal hemorrhage: 8% and usually seen between 14-2 1 days of illness
A • - —

THE BLOOD VESSELS disease
• What are the most important diseases of the blood vessels?
• Arteriosclerosis, which includes changes induced by aging and hypertension
• Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease
• Vasculitis, an inflammatory disease that occurs in several clinicopathologic forms
• Vascular tumors
• Do vascular diseases occur at any age?
• Yes, but they occur most often in the elderly.
• What are the consequences of vascular diseases?
• The most important consequences include disturbances of blood flow, such as hypoxia and infarction

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• Arteriosc’erosis is a generic term used for hardening of arteries and arterioles.may involve any artery in the body and also may affect arterioles.
• List some causes of arteriosclerosis.
• Atherosclerosis is the most common cause
• Arterioloscierosis is a multifactorial disease related to hypertension and diabetes.
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
• Atheroscferosis is a muftifactorial disease of arteries affected by atheromas.
• It should be noted that atherosclerosis affects only the aorta and its major branches.

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Risk factors can be classified as major or minor. Major factors can be further subdivided into those that are fixed (unavoidable) and those that can be modified.
• Major fixed risk factors include age, male gender, family history of atherosclerosis, and genetic defects in the metabolism of lipids.
• Major risk factors that can be modified include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and smoking.
• Minor risk factors (i.e., factors that contribute to atherosclerosis but on their own have not been proved to cause the disease) are a diet rich in saturated fats and carbohydrates, obesity, physical inactivity, type A personality, and stress. The most important risk factors for atherosclerosis are included in the mnemonic atheroma:
• Arterial hypertension
• Tobacco
• Heredity (familial hypercholesterolemia)
• Endocrine (diabetes, postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, and hypothyroidism)
• Reduced physical activity (sedentary life)
What are the main clinical
manifestations of atherosclerosis?
• Aorta—loss of elasticity contributes to hypertension: Aneurysms develop most prominently in the abdominal aorta. Thrombi over ulcerated atheromas serve as a cause of thrombo-emboli. Cholesterol emboli result from ruptured atheromas.
• Coronary arteries—progressive narrowing causes ischemic heart disease:
Sudden occlusion by thrombi over an ulcerated atheroma causes infarct.
• Carotid arteries—narrowing causes cerebral ischemia: Thrombi and ulcerated lesions give rise to cerebral and ocular infarcts.
• Cerebral arteries—stroke resulting from cerebral infarcts: Transient ischemic attack and multi-infarct dementia result from slowly progressing atherosclerosis involving more than one blood vessel.
o Major intestinal arteries—ischemic bowel disease results from progressive narrowing: Acute obstruction leads to massive intestinal infarcts.
• Renal artery stenosis: Renal ischemia is associated with reduced renal function and hyper-secretion of renin and hypertension.
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Over line fatty deposits cafled plaque ClevOlOl) in the Y:US of tho arteties that supply the heart orbrainv:ith blood.
ANEURYSMS
What are aneurysms? •
An aneurysm is a localized dilatation of an artery. Aneurysms may occur in the ventricles of the
heart. DilatationS of the veins are called varicositieS rather
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beornes unstabf and ruptures. a clot begins to Ion n inside the arteP,
to blocd llc,u is reduced and the heart on brain tissue can start to die.
If the dot
completely blocks the artery or breaks off, a heart attack
than aneurysms.

How are aneurysms classified morphologically?
Aneurysms can be descriptively classified as:
• Fusiform aneurysm (symmetrical spindle-shaped dilatation)
• Cylindroid or tubular (lengthy dilatation in the form of a cylinder)
• Saccular aneurysm (sacklike bulging on one side of the artery)
• Berry aneurysm (small saccular aneurysm the size of a berry)
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What is the difference between aneurysms and varices?
Aneurysms occur in arteries, whereas varices (Latin singular is

النتائج (العربية) 3:

toxaem í a
• التعريف: cirulation السموم البكتيرية في الدم مما يسبب المظاهر المرضية.أنواع السم وتقول المصادر:

• • الذيفانات: إنتاج الحياة البكتيريا (ز ÷) موجبة الجرام الخناق.
• اندوتوكسين: الإفراج عن البكتيريا القتلى (ز) غرام سلبية بكتيريا التيفوئيد.أنواع تسمم الدم:

• • تسمم حاد يحدث في الإصابات الحادة الخناق.