e-Learning, online learning, and distance learning environments: Are they the same?
Joi L. Moore a
, Camille Dickson-Deane b,
⁎, Krista Galyen b
a School of Information Science and Learning Technologies, University of Missouri, 303 Townsend Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
b School of Information Science and Learning Technologies, University of Missouri, 111 London Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
article info abstract
Article history:
Accepted 15 October 2010
Keywords:
Distance learning
Online learning
e-Learning
Design
It is not uncommon that researchers face difficulties when performing meaningful cross-study comparisons
for research. Research associated with the distance learning realm can be even more difficult to use as there
are different environments with a variety of characteristics. We implemented a mixed-method analysis of
research articles to find out how they define the learning environment. In addition, we surveyed 43 persons
and discovered that there was inconsistent use of terminology for different types of delivery modes. The
results reveal that there are different expectations and perceptions of learning environment labels: distance
learning, e-Learning, and online learning.
© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Distance education has a history that spans almost two centuries
(Spector, Merrill, Merrienboer, & Driscoll, 2008), and this time period
represents significant changes in how learning occurs and is
communicated. From basic correspondence through postal service
to the wide variety of tools available through the Internet, society has
embraced new forms of communication through the years. One such
form, online learning, is known to have a history of access beginning
in the 1980's whereas another term, referred to as e-Learning, does
not have its origins fully disclosed (Harasim, 2000). As researchers
and designers utilized these emerging technologies, we find that a
relaxed use of the terminology makes it difficult to design and
evaluate similar learning environments without understanding the
specific characteristics (Phipps & Merisotis, 1999). The design of
different types of learning environments can depend on the learning
objective, target audience, access (physical, virtual and/or both), and
type of content. It is important to know how the learning
environment is used, and the influences of the tools and techniques
that distinguish the differences in learning outcomes as the
technology evolves.
2. Literature definitions
As learning technology and its associated fields continue to evolve,
practitioners and researchers have yet to agree on common definitions
and terminologies (Lowenthal & Wilson, 2010; Volery & Lord,
2000). As a result, it is difficult for researchers to perform meaningful
cross-study comparisons and build on the outcomes from the
previous studies. This contributes to conflicting findings about
distance learning, e-Learning, and online learning environments. In
addition, terms are often interchanged without meaningful definitions.
As an initial step, we reviewed the relevant literature to
determine how these learning environments were defined.
2.1. Distance learning
Distance education is the most renowned descriptor used when
referencing distance learning. It often describes the effort of providing
access to learning for those who are geographically distant. During the
last two decades, the relevant literature shows that various authors
and researchers use inconsistent definitions of distance education and
distance learning. As computers became involved in the delivery of
education, a proposed definition identified the delivery of instructional
materials, using both print and electronic media (Moore, 1990).
The instructional delivery included an instructor who was physically
located in a different place from the learner, as well as possibly
providing the instruction at disparate times. Dede (1996, p. 1)
elaborated on the definition by including a comparison of the
pedagogical methods used in traditional environments and referring
to the instruction as “teaching by telling.” The definition also stated
that distance education uses emerging media and associated
Internet and Higher Education 14 (2011) 129–135
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses:
[email protected] (J.L. Moore),
[email protected] (C. Dickson-Deane),
[email protected](K. Galyen).
1096-7516/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.10.001
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Internet and Higher Educationexperiences to produce distributed learning opportunities. Both these
definitions recognized the changes that were apparent in the field and
attributed them to the new technologies that were being made
available. Keegan (1996) went further by suggesting that the term
distance education is an “umbrella” term, and as such, has terms like
correspondence education or correspondence study that may have
once been synonymously used, being clearly identified as a potential
offspring of distance education.
King, Young, Drivere-Richmond, and Schrader (2001) do not
support the interchangeable use of the terms distance learning and
distance education, because both terms do differ. Distance learning is
referenced more as ability, whereas distance education is an activity
within the ability [of learning at a distance]; though, both definitions
are still limited by the differences in time and place (Volery & Lord,
2000). As new technologies become apparent, learning seemed to be
the focus of all types of instruction, and the term distance learning
once again was used to focus on its limitations associated with
“distance”, i.e. time and place (Guilar & Loring, 2008; Newby, Stepich,
Lehman, & Russell, 2000). The term then evolved to describe other
forms of learning, e.g. online learning, e-Learning, technology,
mediated learning, online collaborative learning, virtual learning,
web-based learning, etc. (Conrad, 2006). Thus, the commonalities
found in all the definitions is that some form of instruction occurs
between two parties (a learner and an instructor), it is held at
different times and/or places, and uses varying forms of instructional
materials.
2.2. e-Learning
The origins of the term e-Learning is not certain, although it is
suggested that the term most likely originated during the 1980's,
within the similar time frame of another delivery mode online
learning. While some authors explicitly define e-Learning, others
imply a specific definition or view of e-Learning in their article. These
definitions materialize, some through conflicting views of other
definitions, and some just by simply comparing defining characteristics
with other existing terms. In particular, Ellis (2004) disagrees
with authors like Nichols (2003) who define e-Learning as strictly
being accessible using technological tools that are either web-based,
web-distributed, or web-capable. The belief that e-Learning not only
covers content and instructional methods delivered via CD-ROM, the
Internet or an Intranet (Benson et al., 2002; Clark, 2002) but also
includes audio- and videotape, satellite broadcast and interactive TV is
the one held by Ellis. Although technological characteristics are
included in the definition of the term, Tavangarian, Leypold, Nölting,
Röser, and Voigt (2004) as well as Triacca, Bolchini, Botturi, and
Inversini (2004) felt that the technology being used was insufficient
as a descriptor. Tavangarian et al. (2004) included the constructivist
theoretical model as a framework for their definition by stating that eLearning
is not only procedural but also shows some transformation
of an individual's experience into the individual's knowlege through
the knowledge construction process. Both Ellis (2004) and Triacca
et al. (2004) believed that some level of interactivity needs to be
included to make the definion truly applicable in describing the
learning experience, even though Triacca et al. (2004) added that eLearning
was a type of online learning.
As there is still the main struggle as to what technologies should be
used so that the term can be referenced, some authors will provide
either no clear definition or a very vague reference to other terms such
as online course/learning, web-based learning, web-based training,
learning objects or distance learning believing that the term can be
used synonymously (Dringus & Cohen, 2005; Khan, 2001; Triacca et
al., 2004; Wagner, 2001). What is abundantly obvious is that there is
some uncertainty as to what exactly are the characterisitcs of the
term, but what is clear is that all forms of e-Learning, whether they be
as applications, programs, objects, websites, etc., can eventually
provide a learning opportunity for individuals.
2.3. Online learning
Online learning can be the most difficult of all three to define.
Some prefer to distinguish the variance by describing online learning
as “wholly” online learning (Oblinger & Oblinger, 2005), whereas
others simply reference the technology medium or context with
which it is used (Lowenthal, Wilson, & Parrish, 2009). Others display
direct relationships between previously described modes and online
learning by stating that one uses the technology used in the other
(Rekkedal et al., 2003; Volery & Lord, 2000). Online learning is
described by most authors as access to learning experiences via the
use of some technology (Benson, 2002; Carliner, 2004; Conrad, 2002).
Both Benson (2002) and Conrad (2002) identify online learning as a
more recent version of distance learning which improves access to
educational opportunities for learners described as both nontraditional
and disenfranchised. Other authors discuss not only the
accessibility of online learning but also its connectivity, flexibility
and ability to promote varied interactions (Ally, 2004; Hiltz & Turoff,
2005; Oblinger & Oblinger, 2005). Hiltz and Turoff (2005) in particular
not only elude