ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 have a process based approach and follow the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) philosophy. Further, there are similar requirements in each standard, few of which are mandatory. These individual requirements can be met by having a set of common procedures. [46 ]
A number of differences have been identified in the interpretation of what integration means with regards to management system and management system standards. Willkinson and Dale (1998a) write "It is clear that integration is viewed in a number of different ways, from the implementation of a system throughout the whole organization, to the combining of two or more systems through similarities in their structure ,to companywide integration of all systems with the policy and objectives of each system aligned to overall company policy".
for karapetrovic and willborn (1998a) two system are integrated when they are linked "in a way that results in a loss of independence of one both".
Beckmerhagen et al.(2003) define integration of management systems as " a process of putting together different function - specific management systems into a single and more effective integrated management system(IMS)
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