EnterobiasisJanine R. DankoBackgrou

Enterobiasis
Janine R. Danko
Background
Enterobius vermicularis, commonly referred to as pinworm, has the largest geographical distribution of any helminth. Discovered by Linnaeus in 1758, it was originally named Oxyuris vermicularis and the disease was referred to as oxyuriasis for many years. It is believed to be the oldest parasite described and was recently discovered in ancient Egyptian mummifed human remains as well as in DNA samples from ancient human coprolite remains from North and South America.
Enterobius is one of the most prevalent nematodes in the United States and in Western Europe. At one time, in the United States there are an estimated 42 million infected individuals. It is found worldwide in both temperate and tropical areas. Prevalence is highest among the 5-10 year-old age group and infection is uncom- mon in children less than two years old. Enterobiasis has been reported in every socioeconomic level; howeverspread is much more likely within families of infected individuals, or in institutions such as child care centers, orphanages, hospitals and mental institutions. Humans are the only natural host for the parasite.
Infection is facilitated by factors including overcrowding, wearing soiled cloth- ing, lack of adequate bathing and poor hand hygiene, especially among young school-aged children. Infestation follows ingestion of eggs which usually reach the mouth on soiled hands or contaminated food. Transmission occurs via direct anus to mouth spread from an infected person or via airborne eggs that are in the environment such as contaminated clothing or bed linen. Te migration of worms out of the gastrointestinal tract to the anus can cause local perianal irritation and pruritus. Scratching leads to contamination of fngers, especially under fngernails and contributes to autoinfection. Finger sucking and nail biting may be sources of recurrent infection in children. Spread within families is common. E. vermicularis may be transmitted through sexual activity, especially via oral and anal sex.
Whenswallowedvia contaminatedhands, foodor water, the eggshatch releasing larvae (Fig. 1.1). Te larvae develop in the upper small intestine and mature in 5 to 6 weeks without undergoing any further migration into other body cavities (i.e., lungs). Bothmale and female forms exist. Te smaller male is 2-5 mm in length and 0.3 mm in diameter whereas the female is 8-13 mm long and up to 0.6 mm in di- ameter (Fig. 1.2). Copulation occurs in the distal small bowel and the adult females settle in the large intestine where they can survive for up to 13 weeks (males live for approximately 7 weeks). Te adult female can produce approximately 11,000 eggs. A gravid female can migrate out throughthe anus to lay hereggs. Tis phenomenon usually occurs at night and is thought to be secondary to the drop in host body

النتائج (العربية) 1:

انتيروبياسيسدانكو جانين ر.معلومات أساسيةوقد Enterobius vermicularis، يشار إليها باسم الدبوسية، التوزيع الجغرافي أكبر من أي الديدان الطفيلية. اكتشف لينيوس في 1758، كان أصلاً اسمه Oxyuris vermicularis والمرض كان يشار أوكسيورياسيس لسنوات عديدة. ويعتقد أن الطفيلي أقدم وصف واكتشفت مؤخرا في الرفات البشرية موميفيد المصرية القديمة، وكذلك كما هو الحال في عينات من الحمض النووي من بقايا كوبروليتي البشرية القديمة من أمريكا الشمالية والجنوبية.انتيروبيوس واحد من الحبليات الأكثر انتشارا في الولايات المتحدة وأوروبا الغربية. في وقت واحد، توجد في الولايات المتحدة ما يقدر 42 مليون المصابين. ويوجد في جميع أنحاء العالم في المناطق المعتدلة والمدارية. انتشار الأعلى بين 5-10 سنة-مجموعة سن الشيخوخة والإصابة أونكوم-مون في الأطفال أقل من سنتين من العمر. وقد تم الإبلاغ عن انتيروبياسيس في كل المستويات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية؛ هوويفيرسبريد أكثر بكثير من المحتمل داخل أسر الأفراد المصابين، أو في المؤسسات، مثل مراكز رعاية الأطفال، ودور الأيتام والمستشفيات ومؤسسات الصحة العقلية. البشر هي المضيفة الطبيعية فقط للطفيلي.Infection is facilitated by factors including overcrowding, wearing soiled cloth- ing, lack of adequate bathing and poor hand hygiene, especially among young school-aged children. Infestation follows ingestion of eggs which usually reach the mouth on soiled hands or contaminated food. Transmission occurs via direct anus to mouth spread from an infected person or via airborne eggs that are in the environment such as contaminated clothing or bed linen. Te migration of worms out of the gastrointestinal tract to the anus can cause local perianal irritation and pruritus. Scratching leads to contamination of fngers, especially under fngernails and contributes to autoinfection. Finger sucking and nail biting may be sources of recurrent infection in children. Spread within families is common. E. vermicularis may be transmitted through sexual activity, especially via oral and anal sex.Whenswallowedvia contaminatedhands, foodor water, the eggshatch releasing larvae (Fig. 1.1). Te larvae develop in the upper small intestine and mature in 5 to 6 weeks without undergoing any further migration into other body cavities (i.e., lungs). Bothmale and female forms exist. Te smaller male is 2-5 mm in length and 0.3 mm in diameter whereas the female is 8-13 mm long and up to 0.6 mm in di- ameter (Fig. 1.2). Copulation occurs in the distal small bowel and the adult females settle in the large intestine where they can survive for up to 13 weeks (males live for approximately 7 weeks). Te adult female can produce approximately 11,000 eggs. A gravid female can migrate out throughthe anus to lay hereggs. Tis phenomenon usually occurs at night and is thought to be secondary to the drop in host body

النتائج (العربية) 3:

آنتروبيازيس
جانين ر. دانكو

الخلفية enterobius Vermicularis، ويشار إلى pinworm، أكبر التوزيع الجغرافي أي بالديدان.اكتشف لينيوس في 1758، وكان اسمه في الأصل oxyuris Vermicularis وهذا المرض هو يشار إليه على أنه oxyuriasis لسنوات عديدة.ويعتقد أن أقدم وصفا الطفيلي تم اكتشافها مؤخرا في mummifed البقايا البشرية المصرية القديمة وكذلك في عينات من الحمض النووي البشري القديم نَجو مُتَحَجَّر يبقى من أمريكا الشمالية والجنوبية
انتروبيوس الديدان الخيطية هي واحدة من الأكثر شيوعا في الولايات المتحدة وفي أوروبا الغربية.في وقت واحد، في الولايات المتحدة، هناك ما يقدر ب 42 مليون مصاب في الأفراد.