in which new pedagogies can be constructed (in political and historical sense). Williams’s concept of “structures of feeing” provides us with a heuristic tool that illuminates the foundations of a theory of emotional rules in curriculum and teaching. Of course, it does not outline an empirical research program, but it does provide perspectives to which empirical research might connect. My argument here amounts to the following: We need to recognize the emo-tional complexity of schools. Learning to analyze structures of feeling, teachers can subvert “oppressive” emotional rules. By understanding how emotional rules and expectations are historically contingent, teachers can begin to deconstruct the power structures that normalize life at school and in the classroom. For, as I have suggested, concepts such as structures of feelings and emotional rules are more important for what they do rather than what they mean. Their value lies in the ways in which they are able to problematize the present and make us capable of “acting counter to our time and thereby on our time, and, let us hope, for the benefit of a time to