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Colleagues Remember Peter Blau

Peter Michael Blau
(1918-2002)

Peter Michael Blau died March 12 of adult respiratory distress syndrome. He was 84. He was professor emeritus at Columbia, a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, Pitt Professor at Cambridge University, Senior Fellow at King’s College, Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary professor at the Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences.

He completed his doctorate with Robert K. Merton at Columbia in 1952 and went on to develop theories that continue to be influential in the study of modern society. His endeavor was to develop systematic theoretical schemes to explain macrostructures and their impact on daily life. He wrote his dissertation on bureaucracy, which led to a book on exchange theory. For the next 50 years, Peter Blau studied macrostructural characteristics of society. His theories seek to explain how social phenomena such as upward mobility, occupational opportunity, heterogeneity, and population structures influence human behavior. He developed the methods used in sociology to draw out and map the diverse constellations of social forces. Miller McPherson has called this type of constellation mapping “Blau space.” Sociologists today use “Blau-space” to illustrate the effects of aspects of human society—cultural, evolutionary and institutional—which did not specifically enter Blau’s work. It is the unique feature of Blau’s scholarship that his theories were flexible enough to extend beyond the parameters of the field of his time.

He is the author of hundreds of articles and 11 books, many of which are still widely read by students of sociology. He is considered one of the founders of contemporary American sociology and one of the most prominent scholars of his time. He taught many of today’s prominent sociologists. To his students and colleagues, he was known for his fairness, integrity, modesty, and humor. Former graduate students Craig Calhoun, Marshall Meyer, and Richard C. Scott wrote, “Peter Blau is not only one of today’s most influential sociologists, he is one of sociology’s finest people . . . . We never knew any [teacher] of greater intellectual honesty, dedication to sociology, and personal integrity. As time goes on, we grow more impressed with how remarkable these qualities are . . . . It is all the more pleasure, therefore, to know Peter Blau because he reassures us that fame and academic distinction can go hand in hand with a sense of humor and care for other people.” (Structures of Power and Constraint: Papers in Honor of Peter Blau, Calhoun, Meyer, Scott, eds. Cambridge: 1990)

He was a professor at the University of Chicago from 1953 to 1970 and at Columbia University from 1970 to 1988. He was the President of the American Sociological Association in 1973. From 1979 through 1983, he taught at SUNY-Albany as Distinguished Professor. He taught in Tianjin in China at the Academy of Social Sciences as a Distinguished Honorary Professor in 1981 and 1987. He retired as a faculty member from Columbia University in 1988. He taught at UNC at Chapel Hill as the Robert Broughton Distinguished Research Professor from 1988 through 2001. He has received numerous distinguished scholar and career awards.

The son of secular Jews, Peter Blau was born in Vienna, on February 7, 1918, the year the Austrio-Hungarian Empire fell. His mother said that he would usher in a more enlightened age, but of course, the opposite was true. Unlike Germany, where Hitler manipulated a democratic system, the party which Hitler took over in Austria was fascist. The National Party was in power from 1918-1938 and it prohibited free speech, religion, and activities not sanctioned by the government. At age 17, angered by the antidemocratic government, as well as the conditions of the working class in Europe generally, he wrote for the underground newspaper of the Socialist Worker’s Party, similar to the democratic socialist party. He wrote articles which spoke out against his government’s repressive regime and distributed the journal among leftists. The journal was discovered by the police. My father, still 17, was convicted of high treason and given a 10 year sentence in the federal prison in the center of Vienna. Ironically, the Austrian government led by Sushnig liberated my father when National Socialism gained momentum in Austria. A pact between Sushnig and Hitler lifted the ban on political activity. Political prisoners on both ends of the spectrum—national and democratic socialists alike—were freed from prisons.

Hitler marched into the Heldenplatz in March of 1938 cheered by hundreds of thousands of Austrians. Soon after that my father stood on line at various embassies to get a visa. His parents chose to stay in Vienna, but sent their daughter to England on the kinder-transport. My father tried to escape over the Czech border but Nazis caught him at the border. He was kept in a border patrol for two months. During these months, the Nazi officers tortured and starved him, forcing him to eat only lard and completing exercises until he fainted. He was released on an officer’s whim, and went to Prague where he lived for a year. He fled Prague when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. He took a very dangerous risk by returning over the Czech border to visit his parents, who had moved to the Ghetto because of the Jewish laws. Meanwhile, a high school teacher, Fritz Redl, had arranged for the Spiegel family to sponsor my father’s affidavit in his immigration to America. The next day he caught the train to France, which turned out to be the last train before all the borders were closed completely. In France, he turned himself into the Allied forces because he knew that, with a German passport, he would be captured. The French Army sent him to a labor camp in Bordeaux where he was forced to work crushing grapes. Never a physically agile person, my father put a pitchfork through his foot. In our family, we make the joke never to buy Bordeaux from 1939.

During his imprisonment, his visa number came up. An acquaintance who had some influence with the French government argued that the French Army should release Jews with visas and affidavits to other countries and went to Bordeaux to find my father. He immediately went to Le Havre to get a boat to America.

In Le Havre, on line for boat tickets, he met graduates from the theological college Elmhurst. As fate would have it, they were in Europe to offer a scholarship to a Jewish refugee. Recognizing his potential and the danger he was still in, they offered it to him and gave him the address of Paul Lehmann, the son of Elmhurst’s President. An atheist his entire life, my father always spoke of how miraculous a gift that chance meeting turned out to be.

He caught the last civilian boat leaving France. He arrived in New York City with a few clothes and less than 50 marks sewn into his belt. In New York, he contacted Paul Lehmann, a theologian, scholar, and philanthropist who would play the role of surrogate father and mentor throughout his life.

After a few weeks practicing English, he took a train to Elmhurst College, spending the little money he had. It was at this time that the censored letters that my father had received periodically from his parents stopped coming. He learned 50 years later from the Austrian government the details of their deaths in Auschwitz in May 1942.

He received his BA the same month that his parents were killed. In the Midwest, he gave speeches arguing for American intervention in Europe. When America did enter the war, my father enlisted in the Army and served for four years. Based on his fluency in German, he was made an interrogation officer.

After the war, he entered graduate school at Columbia University, where he studied with Paul Lazarsfeld, Robert Lynd, and Robert Merton, three of the leading sociologists of their era.

He is survived by his wife, Judith Blau, Professor at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; two daughters, Pamela Blau of Cambridge, MA, and Reva Blau of Wellfleet, MA; his sister Ruth Layland of Leicester, England; a cousin Eva Selka of Queens, NY; and one grandson, Ezra Fellman-Blau.

Reva Blau (revablau@hotmail.com)

Editor’s note: For an autobiographical essay see Blau, Peter M. (1995). “A Circuitous Path to Macrostructural Theory, “ Annual Review of Sociology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. Vol 21: 1-19.



***


In a department that included many luminaries—James Coleman, Otis Dudley Duncan, Everett Hughes, Peter Rossi, among others—Peter Blau, for me, belonged in a special category. I took my first course with him at the University of Chicago in 1956, a “seminar” on sociological theory (in a class of more than 50 graduate students). I found his lectures involving and inspiring. I will never forget the passion he brought to his teaching or the energy and intellectual discipline that marked his lectures
A later course introduced me to his work on the “dynamics” of bureaucracy: how formal roles are enacted and rules interpreted in ways that reflect structural verities but introduce innovative elements. I became a convert and decided that the study of organizations would be my principal focus.

Imagine my reaction when, in the process of working with him on my dissertation, he suggested that we pool our data in order to do a comparative study of bureaucracy, contrasting an agency he was studying with my own case. The title of our joint work, Formal Organizations: A Comparative Approach, 1962, was a bit audacious since the comparison involved only two rather similar organizations—both social welfare agencies—but it set the stage for the productive research programs subsequently launched by Blau (e.g., Blau and Schoenherr, 1971, The Structure of Organizations
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الحواشي السفلية هوميبريف إيسويسيكسيكبوبليك أفيرستافاسا المنزل تذكر الزملاء بيتر بلاو بيتر بلاو Michael (1918-2002) بيتر بلاو Michael توفي في 12 آذار/مارس لمتلازمة الضائقة التنفسية عند البالغين. وكان 84. وكان أستاذا فخريا في كولومبيا، وهو زميل للأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم، بيت الأستاذ في جامعة كامبردج، زميل أقدم في كلية الملك، وزميل في الجمعية الفلسفية الأمريكية، زميل الأكاديمية الأمريكية للفنون والعلوم، وهو أستاذ فخري في "أكاديمية تيانجين للعلوم الاجتماعية". إكمال الدكتوراه مع روبرت ك. ميرتون في كولومبيا في عام 1952، وذهب إلى وضع النظريات التي تستمر لتكون مؤثرة في هذه الدراسة للمجتمع الحديث. وكان مسعى له وضع مخططات النظري المنهجي لشرح ماكروستروكتوريس وتأثيرها على الحياة اليومية. أنه كتب أطروحته عن البيروقراطية، مما أدى إلى كتاب في نظرية التبادل. للسنوات الخمسين المقبلة، درس بيتر بلاو ماكروستروكتورال الصفات المميزة للمجتمع. نظرياته يسعى إلى تفسير الظواهر الاجتماعية كيف مثل الحراك إلى أعلى، والفرص المهنية، وعدم التجانس، والهياكل السكانية تؤثر على السلوك البشري. وقد ظهرت الأساليب المستخدمة في علم الاجتماع لرسم ورسم خريطة لتشكيلات متنوعة من القوى الاجتماعية. ماكفرسون ميلر وقد يسمى هذا النوع من الخرائط كوكبة "بلاو الفضاء." استخدم علماء الاجتماع اليوم "بلاو-الفضاء" لتوضيح آثار جوانب المجتمع البشري – الثقافية والتطورية والمؤسسية – التي لم تدخل العمل بلاو على وجه التحديد. هو ميزة فريدة من نوعها للمنح بلاو لأن نظرياته كانت مرنة بما فيه الكفاية لتتجاوز بارامترات ميدان وقته. وهو المؤلف مئات من المقالات والكتب 11، كثير منها لا يزال على نطاق واسع هي قراءة بطلاب علم الاجتماع. يعتبر أحد مؤسسي علم الاجتماع الأمريكية المعاصرة، وواحد من أبرز علماء وقته. يدرس العديد من علماء الاجتماع البارزين اليوم. لأن الطلاب والزملاء، كان معروفا بالإنصاف والنزاهة، والتواضع وروح الدعابة. طلاب الدراسات العليا السابق كريغ كالهون، مارشال ماير، وريتشارد سكوت جيم-كتب، "بيتر بلاو ليست فقط واحدة من علماء اليوم الأكثر نفوذا، وواحد من خيرة الناس لعلم الاجتماع.... ونحن لم أكن أعرف أي [المعلم] لقدر أكبر من النزاهة الفكرية، والتفاني لعلم الاجتماع، والسلامة الشخصية. مع مرور الوقت، ونحن تنمو أكثر معجب بهذه الصفات الرائعة كيف.... أكثر متعة، ولذلك، تعرف بيتر بلاو نظراً لأنه يطمئن لنا الشهرة والتميز الأكاديمي يمكن أن تذهب يدا في يد مع إحساس بالفكاهة والرعاية للأشخاص الآخرين ". (هياكل السلطة والقيد: ورقات تكريما لبيتر بلاو، كالهون، ماير، سكوت، محرران كامبريدج: 1990) كان أستاذا في جامعة شيكاغو من عام 1953 إلى عام 1970، وجامعة كولومبيا في الفترة من عام 1970 إلى عام 1988. وكان رئيس "الرابطة الأمريكية لعلم الاجتماع" في عام 1973. من عام 1979 من خلال عام 1983، عمل أستاذا في جامعة ولاية نيويورك-ألباني "أستاذ مرموق". عمل أستاذا في تيانجين في الصين في أكاديمية العلوم الاجتماعية "أستاذ فخري الموقر" في عامي 1981 و 1987. تقاعده كأحد أعضاء هيئة التدريس من جامعة كولومبيا في عام 1988. عمل أستاذا في قيادة الأمم المتحدة في مصلى هيل كروبرت بروتون الموقر البحث البروفيسور من عام 1988 حتى عام 2001. التي تلقاها الباحث الموقر عديدة وجوائز الوظيفي. ابن اليهود العلمانيين، بيتر بلاو ولدت في فيينا، في 7 فبراير 1918، السنة سقطت "الإمبراطورية" المجرية أوستريو. قالت والدته أنه كان إيذانا بعصر أكثر استنارة، ولكن بطبيعة الحال، كان العكس الصحيح. وخلافا لألمانيا، حيث هتلر التلاعب نظام ديمقراطي، كان الحزب الذي تولي هتلر في النمسا الفاشية. وكان "الحزب الوطني" في السلطة من 1918-1938 وأنه يحظر حرية التعبير والديانة، وأنشطة لا تقرها الحكومة. في سن ال 17، غضب الحكومة مناهض للديمقراطية، فضلا عن أوضاع الطبقة العاملة في أوروبا عموما، كتب في صحيفة تحت الأرض لحزب "العمال الاشتراكي"، مماثلة للحزب الاشتراكي الديمقراطي. كتب مقالات التي تكلم ضد النظام القمعي لحكومته، ووزعت اليومية بين اليساريين. اكتشفت الشرطة اليومية. والدي، لا يزال 17، أدين بالخيانة وحكم عليه بالسجن 10 سنوات في السجون الاتحادية في وسط فيينا. ومن المفارقات أن تحرر الحكومة النمساوية برئاسة سوشنيج والدي عند الاشتراكية القومية واكتسبت زخما في النمسا. اتفاق بين سوشنيج وهتلر رفعت الحظر على النشاط السياسي. السجناء السياسيين في كلا طرفي الطيف – الحزب الاشتراكي الوطني والديمقراطي على حد سواء – سراحهم من السجون. وسار هتلر إلى هيلدينبلاتز في آذار/مارس 1938 هتف مئات الآلاف من النمساويين. قريبا بعد أن بلغ والدي على الخط في مختلف السفارات للحصول على تأشيرة دخول. الدية اختاروا البقاء في فيينا، ولكن إرسال ابنتهما إلى إنكلترا في النقل-رياض الأطفال. والدي حاول الفرار عبر الحدود التشيكية ولكن النازيين القبض عليه على الحدود. أنه أبقى في دورية حدود لمدة شهرين. خلال هذه الأشهر، عذب ضباط النازية وجوعا له، مما اضطره إلى أكل شحم الخنزير فقط، واستكمال التدريبات حتى أغمي. أنه أفرج عن أحد الضباط مجرد نزوة، وذهب إلى براغ حيث عاش لمدة سنة. أنه فر من براغ عندما غزا هتلر تشيكوسلوفاكيا. أنه يعتبر خطرا خطير جداً بالعودة عبر الحدود التشيكية زيارة بلده الآباء والأمهات، الذين انتقلوا إلى الحي اليهودي بسبب القوانين اليهودية. وفي الوقت نفسه، مدرس في مدرسة ثانوية، ردل فريتز، قد رتبت للأسرة شبيغل أن تقديم إفادة والدي في بلده الهجرة إلى أمريكا. وفي اليوم التالي ألقي القبض عليه القطار إلى فرنسا، التي تحولت إلى أن القطار الأخير قبل جميع الحدود كانت مغلقة تماما. في فرنسا، أنه سلم نفسه إلى القوات المتحالفة لأنه كان يعرف أنه، مع جواز سفر ألماني، أنه سوف يتم القبض على. أرسله "الجيش الفرنسي" إلى معسكر عمل في بوردو حيث أنه اضطر إلى العمل بسحق العنب. وضع والدي ابدأ شخص نشاطا بدنيا، مذراة عن طريق رجله. في أسرتنا، ونحن جعل نكتة ابدأ شراء بوردو من عام 1939. خلال فترة سجنه، خرجت له رقم التأشيرة. أحد معارفه الذين كان بعض النفوذ مع الفرنسيين الحكومة القول بأن الجيش الفرنسي ينبغي الإفراج عن اليهود مع التأشيرات والإفادات إلى بلدان أخرى، وذهب إلى بوردو العثور على والدي. وذهب فورا إلى لوهافر للحصول على قارب لأمريكا. في لوهافر، على الخط لتذاكر القارب، التقى الخريجين من الكلية اللاهوتية Elmhurst. كما سيكون مصير له، كانوا في أوروبا بتقديم منحة دراسية لأحد لاجئين يهود. الاعتراف بامكاناته وأنه كان لا يزال في الخطر، أنها عرضت عليه وأعطاه عنوان Paul ليمان، نجل الرئيس ل Elmhurst. ملحد حياته بأكملها، والدي دائماً تحدث معجزة كيف هدية تبين هذا الاجتماع فرصة تكون. ألقي القبض عليه لآخر القارب المدنيين مغادرة فرنسا. ووصل إلى مدينة نيويورك مع عدد قليل من الملابس وعلامات أقل من 50 مخيط في حزامه. في نيويورك، أنه اتصل Paul ليمان، اللاهوتي، وباحث، والخير الذي يؤدي دور الأب البديل ومعلمة طوال حياته. بعد بضعة أسابيع من ممارسة اللغة الإنجليزية، أخذت قطار إلى كلية Elmhurst، أنفاق القليل من المال لديه. كان في هذا الوقت أن توقف الأحرف الرقابة التي تلقي والدي بشكل دوري من والديه القادمة. علم 50 عاماً في وقت لاحق من الحكومة النمساوية التفاصيل من وفاتهم في أوشفيتز في أيار/مايو 1942. وحصل له با الشهر نفسه الذي قتل والديه. في الغرب الأوسط، ألقي الخطب حجة للتدخل الأميركي في أوروبا. عند عدم إدخال أمريكا في الحرب، والدي المجندين في الجيش وخدم لمدة أربع سنوات. استناداً إلى أن إتقان اللغة الألمانية، وأنه قدم ضابط التحقيق. بعد الحرب، التحق بكلية الدراسات العليا في جامعة كولومبيا، حيث درس مع لازارسفيلد Paul، وروبرت ستوغتون، وروبرت ميرتون، ثلاثة من علماء الاجتماع القيادي لعصرهم. أنه نجا من جانب زوجته، جوديث بلاو، أستاذ جامعة نورث كارولينا-تشابل "هيل"؛ ابنتان، باميلا بلاو من كامبريدج، ماجستير، وبلاو ريفا من ويلفليت، ماساتشوستس؛ له أخته روث Layland ليستر، إنكلترا؛ ابن عم سلكاً إيفا من كوينز، نيويورك؛ وحفيد واحد، عزرا فيلمان-بلاو. ريفا بلاو (revablau@hotmail.com) ملاحظة للمحرر: لمقال السيرة ذاتية انظر بلاو، بيتر م. (1995). "مسار ملتوية لنظرية ماكروستروكتورال،" الاستعراض السنوي لعلم الاجتماع. بالو ألتو، كاليفورنيا: الاستعراضات السنوية، وشركة المجلد 21:1-19. ***في إدارة التي شملت العديد من مشاهير – James كولمان، أوتيس دادلي دنكان، إيفرت هيوز، بيتر Rossi، بين أمور أخرى – بيتر بلاو، بالنسبة لي، تنتمي إلى فئة خاصة. أخذت بلدي بالطبع الأولى معه في جامعة شيكاغو في 1956، "ندوة" حول نظرية علم الاجتماع (في فئة من أكثر من 50 من طلبه الدراسات العليا). لقد وجدت محاضراته التي تنطوي والملهم. ولن إنسي ابدأ العاطفة أحضر لتعاليمه أو الطاقة والانضباط الفكري الذي تم وضع علامة له محاضرات دورة لاحقة قدم لي لعمله على "حيوية" للبيروقراطية: كيف يتم سن أدوار رسمية وقواعد تفسر بطرق تعكس الثوابت الهيكلية، لكن الأخذ بعناصر مبتكرة. وأصبح تحويل، وقرر أن دراسة المنظمات بلدي التركيز الرئيسي. تخيل رد فعل بلدي عندما، عملية العامل معه في بلدي أطروحة، اقترح أن نعمل على تجميع البيانات المتوفرة لدينا من أجل القيام بدراسة مقارنة للبيروقراطية، والمتناقضة وكالة كان يدرس مع حالتي الخاصة. عنوان عملنا المشترك، و "المنظمات الرسمية": "نهج مقارن"، عام 1962، وكان جريء بعض الشيء نظراً للمقارنة تشارك منظمات مماثلة بدلاً من اثنين فقط – كلا وكالات الرعاية الاجتماعية – بل أنها مهدت الطريق لبرامج البحوث الإنتاجية بعد ذلك أطلقها بلاو (مثلاً، بلاو وستشونير، 1971، و "هيكل المنظمات"
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Colleagues Remember Peter Blau

Peter Michael Blau
(1918-2002)

Peter Michael Blau died March 12 of adult respiratory distress syndrome. He was 84. He was professor emeritus at Columbia, a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, Pitt Professor at Cambridge University, Senior Fellow at King’s College, Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary professor at the Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences.

He completed his doctorate with Robert K. Merton at Columbia in 1952 and went on to develop theories that continue to be influential in the study of modern society. His endeavor was to develop systematic theoretical schemes to explain macrostructures and their impact on daily life. He wrote his dissertation on bureaucracy, which led to a book on exchange theory. For the next 50 years, Peter Blau studied macrostructural characteristics of society. His theories seek to explain how social phenomena such as upward mobility, occupational opportunity, heterogeneity, and population structures influence human behavior. He developed the methods used in sociology to draw out and map the diverse constellations of social forces. Miller McPherson has called this type of constellation mapping “Blau space.” Sociologists today use “Blau-space” to illustrate the effects of aspects of human society—cultural, evolutionary and institutional—which did not specifically enter Blau’s work. It is the unique feature of Blau’s scholarship that his theories were flexible enough to extend beyond the parameters of the field of his time.

He is the author of hundreds of articles and 11 books, many of which are still widely read by students of sociology. He is considered one of the founders of contemporary American sociology and one of the most prominent scholars of his time. He taught many of today’s prominent sociologists. To his students and colleagues, he was known for his fairness, integrity, modesty, and humor. Former graduate students Craig Calhoun, Marshall Meyer, and Richard C. Scott wrote, “Peter Blau is not only one of today’s most influential sociologists, he is one of sociology’s finest people . . . . We never knew any [teacher] of greater intellectual honesty, dedication to sociology, and personal integrity. As time goes on, we grow more impressed with how remarkable these qualities are . . . . It is all the more pleasure, therefore, to know Peter Blau because he reassures us that fame and academic distinction can go hand in hand with a sense of humor and care for other people.” (Structures of Power and Constraint: Papers in Honor of Peter Blau, Calhoun, Meyer, Scott, eds. Cambridge: 1990)

He was a professor at the University of Chicago from 1953 to 1970 and at Columbia University from 1970 to 1988. He was the President of the American Sociological Association in 1973. From 1979 through 1983, he taught at SUNY-Albany as Distinguished Professor. He taught in Tianjin in China at the Academy of Social Sciences as a Distinguished Honorary Professor in 1981 and 1987. He retired as a faculty member from Columbia University in 1988. He taught at UNC at Chapel Hill as the Robert Broughton Distinguished Research Professor from 1988 through 2001. He has received numerous distinguished scholar and career awards.

The son of secular Jews, Peter Blau was born in Vienna, on February 7, 1918, the year the Austrio-Hungarian Empire fell. His mother said that he would usher in a more enlightened age, but of course, the opposite was true. Unlike Germany, where Hitler manipulated a democratic system, the party which Hitler took over in Austria was fascist. The National Party was in power from 1918-1938 and it prohibited free speech, religion, and activities not sanctioned by the government. At age 17, angered by the antidemocratic government, as well as the conditions of the working class in Europe generally, he wrote for the underground newspaper of the Socialist Worker’s Party, similar to the democratic socialist party. He wrote articles which spoke out against his government’s repressive regime and distributed the journal among leftists. The journal was discovered by the police. My father, still 17, was convicted of high treason and given a 10 year sentence in the federal prison in the center of Vienna. Ironically, the Austrian government led by Sushnig liberated my father when National Socialism gained momentum in Austria. A pact between Sushnig and Hitler lifted the ban on political activity. Political prisoners on both ends of the spectrum—national and democratic socialists alike—were freed from prisons.

Hitler marched into the Heldenplatz in March of 1938 cheered by hundreds of thousands of Austrians. Soon after that my father stood on line at various embassies to get a visa. His parents chose to stay in Vienna, but sent their daughter to England on the kinder-transport. My father tried to escape over the Czech border but Nazis caught him at the border. He was kept in a border patrol for two months. During these months, the Nazi officers tortured and starved him, forcing him to eat only lard and completing exercises until he fainted. He was released on an officer’s whim, and went to Prague where he lived for a year. He fled Prague when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. He took a very dangerous risk by returning over the Czech border to visit his parents, who had moved to the Ghetto because of the Jewish laws. Meanwhile, a high school teacher, Fritz Redl, had arranged for the Spiegel family to sponsor my father’s affidavit in his immigration to America. The next day he caught the train to France, which turned out to be the last train before all the borders were closed completely. In France, he turned himself into the Allied forces because he knew that, with a German passport, he would be captured. The French Army sent him to a labor camp in Bordeaux where he was forced to work crushing grapes. Never a physically agile person, my father put a pitchfork through his foot. In our family, we make the joke never to buy Bordeaux from 1939.

During his imprisonment, his visa number came up. An acquaintance who had some influence with the French government argued that the French Army should release Jews with visas and affidavits to other countries and went to Bordeaux to find my father. He immediately went to Le Havre to get a boat to America.

In Le Havre, on line for boat tickets, he met graduates from the theological college Elmhurst. As fate would have it, they were in Europe to offer a scholarship to a Jewish refugee. Recognizing his potential and the danger he was still in, they offered it to him and gave him the address of Paul Lehmann, the son of Elmhurst’s President. An atheist his entire life, my father always spoke of how miraculous a gift that chance meeting turned out to be.

He caught the last civilian boat leaving France. He arrived in New York City with a few clothes and less than 50 marks sewn into his belt. In New York, he contacted Paul Lehmann, a theologian, scholar, and philanthropist who would play the role of surrogate father and mentor throughout his life.

After a few weeks practicing English, he took a train to Elmhurst College, spending the little money he had. It was at this time that the censored letters that my father had received periodically from his parents stopped coming. He learned 50 years later from the Austrian government the details of their deaths in Auschwitz in May 1942.

He received his BA the same month that his parents were killed. In the Midwest, he gave speeches arguing for American intervention in Europe. When America did enter the war, my father enlisted in the Army and served for four years. Based on his fluency in German, he was made an interrogation officer.

After the war, he entered graduate school at Columbia University, where he studied with Paul Lazarsfeld, Robert Lynd, and Robert Merton, three of the leading sociologists of their era.

He is survived by his wife, Judith Blau, Professor at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; two daughters, Pamela Blau of Cambridge, MA, and Reva Blau of Wellfleet, MA; his sister Ruth Layland of Leicester, England; a cousin Eva Selka of Queens, NY; and one grandson, Ezra Fellman-Blau.

Reva Blau (revablau@hotmail.com)

Editor’s note: For an autobiographical essay see Blau, Peter M. (1995). “A Circuitous Path to Macrostructural Theory, “ Annual Review of Sociology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. Vol 21: 1-19.



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In a department that included many luminaries—James Coleman, Otis Dudley Duncan, Everett Hughes, Peter Rossi, among others—Peter Blau, for me, belonged in a special category. I took my first course with him at the University of Chicago in 1956, a “seminar” on sociological theory (in a class of more than 50 graduate students). I found his lectures involving and inspiring. I will never forget the passion he brought to his teaching or the energy and intellectual discipline that marked his lectures
A later course introduced me to his work on the “dynamics” of bureaucracy: how formal roles are enacted and rules interpreted in ways that reflect structural verities but introduce innovative elements. I became a convert and decided that the study of organizations would be my principal focus.

Imagine my reaction when, in the process of working with him on my dissertation, he suggested that we pool our data in order to do a comparative study of bureaucracy, contrasting an agency he was studying with my own case. The title of our joint work, Formal Organizations: A Comparative Approach, 1962, was a bit audacious since the comparison involved only two rather similar organizations—both social welfare agencies—but it set the stage for the productive research programs subsequently launched by Blau (e.g., Blau and Schoenherr, 1971, The Structure of Organizations
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