Methodological approachIn this study, document analysis (Bowen, 2009; Creswell, 2014) was employed to examine theextent to which the EES syllabus reflects the tenets of ESD. Specifically, two levels of contentanalyses (Bowen, 2009) were performed. First, a broad analysis examined keywords to identifyany prominent sustainability themes that might foreshadow elements of ESD that exist withinthe subject matter. The second, deeper level of analysis was guided by an ‘ESD curriculumkey’ developed specifically for this study, which searched for evidence of four tenets of ESDin the intended curriculum, as guided by our review of the literature. Our methodologicalapproach to both levels of analyses is described below.