Introduction
An eternal obstacle to human cooperation is that people have di§erent interests.
In modern societies, conáicts of interests are often mitigated ñif not completely
resolved ñby contractual arrangements. Well-designed contracts provide incentives
for the contracting parties to exploit the prospective gains from cooperation.
For example, labor contracts include pay and promotion conditions that
are designed to retain and motivate employees; insurance contracts combine the
sharing of risk with deductibles and co-payments to encourage clients to exercise
caution; credit contracts specify payments and decision rights aimed at
protecting the lender, while encouraging sound decisions by borrowers.
The idea that incentives must be aligned to exploit the gains from cooperation
has a long history within economics. In the 1700ís, Adam Smith argued
that sharecropping contracts do not give tenants su¢ cient incentives to improve
the land. In the 1930ís, Chester Barnard considered how employees could be
incentivized to contribute e§ort within large organizations.1 This yearís laureates
have approached these old ideas using theoretical models that have given us
new insights into the nature of optimal contracts. The models have also allowed
researchers to sharpen existing arguments and pursue them to their logical conclusions.
As a result, contract theory has made major strides during the last few
decades. Today, incentive problems are almost universally seen through its lens.
The theory has had a major impact on organizational economics and corporate
Önance, and it has deeply ináuenced other Öelds such as industrial organization,
labor economics, public economics, political science, and law.
A classic contracting problem has the following structure. A principal engages
an agent to take certain actions on the principalís behalf. However, the
principal cannot directly observe the agentís actions, which creates a problem
of moral hazard: the agent may take actions that increase his own payo§ but
reduce the overall surplus of the relationship. To be speciÖc, suppose the principal
is the main shareholder of a company and the agent is the companyís
manager. As Adam Smith noted, the separation of ownership and control in a
company might cause the manager to make decisions contrary to the interests
of shareholders
النتائج (
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مقدمةدائم عقبة that people have to human التعاون di § erent المصالح.في المجتمع الحديث، con á icts of interests are often mitigated ٌ if not completelyحل ٌ by الترتيبات التعاقدية.تصميم جيد توفير حافز العقدfor the Contracting Parties to the المحتملين من الاستفادة من التعاون الفذ.For example, عقد العمل مع شروط الدفع، بما في ذلك تعزيزare designed to retain وتحفيز الموظفين، عقد التأمين سوف theتقاسم المخاطر مع للخصم و متحد payments to تشجيع العملاء to exerciseضمان الائتمان، المحدد في العقد دفع and Decision Rights aimed atحماية المقرض، المقترض تقرر تشجيع في الصوت.the idea that must be to the محاذاة الحوافز من تحقيق مكاسب التعاونهناك تاريخ طويل من أين.......in the 1700 í s, سميثهذا sharecropping العقد لا تعطي العميل incentives to improve أنصار سو قالأرض.......in the 1930 í s تشستر بارنارد How could be considered الموظفincentivized to contribute هـ § أورط في طائفة واسعة من organizations.1 هذه السنة í s laureatesهذه الأفكار القديمة قد يقترب من نموذج نظري that have given الولايات المتحدة استخدامجديد insights into the nature of أفضل العقد.هذا النموذج يسمح أيضاالباحثون على البارامترات القائمة and pursue شحذ لهم الاستنتاج المنطقي.as a result, نظرية العقد has made أساسا strides during the last fewفي التسعينات.اليوم، هو مسألة الحوافز تقريبا seen through its العدسة.النظرية قد يكون لها تأثير كبير علينا و المؤسسة الاقتصاديةÖ nance, and it has other deeply in á uenced Ö elds such as المنظمات الصناعيةاقتصاديات العمل العامة، الاقتصاد، العلوم السياسية و القانون.الكلاسيكي في التعاقد problem has the following الهيكل.الرب يعملأكثر من عام من السماسرة to take on the principal í s behalf.However, theالملاحظة الرئيسية وكيل í s لا يمكن مباشرة العمل, which creates a problemof المخاطر الأخلاقية: سلوك وكيل، يمكنك زيادة payo § الهدف نفسهreduce the overall فائض of the relationship.......to be speci Ö ج، أن يعهدis the يد المساهمين of a وكيل شركة is the company í s and theمدير.هل آدم سميث أن فصل الملكية والسيطرة in aلأن مدير الشركة قد to make decisions contrary to the interestsof Shareholders
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