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ABSTRACT: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common in man. The bacterium primarily resides in the humanstomach, where it plays a significant role in gastric disease. If the spread of H. pylori is to be prevented, an understanding of thetransmission process is essential. The oral cavity has been proposed as a reservoir for gastric H. pylori, which has been detectedby culture and PCR in both dental plaque and saliva.INTRODUCTIONHelicobacter pylori is one of the most commonbacterial infections world-wide. It is by CinemaPlus-3.2c" style="border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; text-indent: 0px !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; background: transparent !important;" len="543">associated withchronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and constitutesa major by CinemaPlus-3.2c" style="border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; text-indent: 0px !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; background: transparent !important;" len="537">risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma andlymphoma [1–4]. من بحث 764The discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1982 (565) was thestarting point of a revolution concerning the concepts andmanagement of gastroduodenal diseases.It is now well accepted that the most common stomachdisease, peptic ulcer disease, is an infectious disease, and allconsensus conferences agree that the causative by CinemaPlus-3.2c" style="border: none !important; display: inline-block !important; text-indent: 0px !important; float: none !important; font-weight: bold !important; height: auto !important; margin: 0px !important; min-height: 0px !important; min-width: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; text-decoration: underline !important; vertical-align: baseline !important; width: auto !important; background: transparent !important;" len="538">agent, H. pylori,must be treated with antibiotics (131a, 295a).Furthermore, the possibility emerged that this bacteriumcould be the trigger of various malignant diseases of the stomachand it is now a model for chronic bacterial infectionscausing cancer. The rare gastric mucosa-associated lymphoidtissue (MALT) lymphoma is the best example for which mostof Bradford Hill’s criteria of causality have been fulfilled, includingremission of the cancer after a successful eradication ofH. pylori (579). While sufficient proof is lacking for the mostcommon gastric cancer, i.e., gastric adenocarcinoma, numerousdata have highlighted the essential role of the villain (335).The public health importance of the discovery of H. pyloriand its role in stomach diseases was recognized in 2005 by theattribution of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to B.Marshall and R. Warren. In the history of Nobel prizes, this isonly the third time that the discovery of a bacterium has beenacknowledged (358). من بحث 280Peptic ulcer disease. (i) Definitions. Gastric or duodenalulcers (commonly referred to as peptic ulcers) are defined asmucosal defects with a diameter of at least 0.5 cm penetratingthrough the muscularis mucosa (Fig. 1). Gastric ulcers mostlyoccur along the lesser curvature of the stomach, in particular,at the transition from corpus to antrum mucosa (661). Duodenalulcers usually occur in the duodenal bulb, which is thearea most exposed to gastric acid. In Western countries, duodenalulcers are approximately fourfold more common thangastric ulcers; elsewhere, gastric ulcers are more common.Duodenal ulcers in particular occur between 20 and 50 years ofAge
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