1ـ مقدمة:بابل مدينة قديمة بأرض بلاد

1ـ مقدمة:

بابل مدينة قديمة بأرض بلاد مابين النهرين ( نهري دجلة والفرات)، وهي, بعد سقوط آشور, قاعدة الإمبراطورية البابلية. وقد ظهرت الحضارة البابلية ما بين القرنين (18ق.م) و (6 ق.م)، كما ورد ذكرها في القرآن الكريم، بقوله تعالى:

" وما أنزل على الملكين ببابل هاروت وماروت" / سورة : /





2ـ معنى كلمة بابل:

كلمة "بابل" في اللغة الأكادية تعني "باب الإله", وقد سماها الأقدمون بعدة أسماء منها: "بابلونيا"، أرض بابل ما بين النهرين، وبلاد الرافدين، وبابيلا ( باب الإله ).

3ـ موقع بابل:

تقع بابل في القسم الأوسط من العراق، وتبعد عن العاصمة بغداد حوالي (100 ) كم تقريباً من مركز المحافظة, ومن توابعها كل من: قضاء الحلة، والمحاويل، والمسيب، والهندية، والهاشمية.

وترتفع أراضيها المنحدرة نحو الجنوب (35) م فوق مستوى سطح البحر, يسودها المناخ الصحراوي الذي يمتاز بقلة سقوط الأمطار وارتفاع درجات الحرارة صيفا ًإذ تصل إلى (50ْ) , ويسودها جو دافئ شتاءاًً, وكان هناك مدينتان، الأولى: هي بابل القديمة التي كانت عاصمة الدول الأمورية والبحرية والكيشية، أما بابل الثانية: فكانت عاصمة الدولة الكلدانية. وبين بابل الأولى والثانية مئات السنين من الحضارة البابلية الغنية.





4ـ حكام بابل:

أسس الزعيم الأموري ( سومو آبوم ) بابل عام (1880 ق.م)، وبلغ عدد ملوك سلالة بابل والتي تعرف بـ(السلالة الآمورية) أحد عشر ملكاً، حكموا ثلاثة قرون، وكان أعظم ملوك بابل القديمة هو الملك (حمورابي )، وقد تولى الملك حمورابي حكمها حوالي (2100 ق.م) وفي عصره بلغت حضارة العراق أوج عظمتها وازدهارها، وعمت اللغة البابلية، تكلماً وكتابة، المنطقة قاطبة .. وارتقت العلوم والمعارف والفنون .. واتسعت التجارة اتساعاً لا مثيل له في تاريخ هذه المنطقة .. وكانت الإدارة مركزية، والبلاد تحكم بقانون موحد سنه الملك حمورابي لجميع شعوبها.

وقد دام حكم حمورابي (43 ) عامًا ازدهرت فيها الحضارة البابلية، إذ يعد عصرحمورابي العصر الذهبي لبلاد مابين النهرين, وسيأتي ذكر ذلك مفصلاً.



5ـ العمارة في بابل:

لعل أشهر آثار بابل القديمة هو ( برج بابل ) المكون من سبع طبقات دائرية يعلوها المعبد العالي وقد تخيل شكله الفنان ( بيتر بروجيل ) في واحدة من أجمل لوحاته. أما القصور البابلية القديمة فأ شهرها قصر ماري ذو الجدران السميكة, ( 40 قدم ) المشيدة من اللبن علي أسس من حجر الكلس والتي تتخللها أبراج دفاعية تستخدم للدفاع.




















وكانت المدينة ذات أسوار يبلغ ارتفاعها حوالي (3،5) متراً وثخانتها حوالي (2،5) متراً، وكان لهذه الأسوار مائة باب مصنوع من الذهب، ولكل باب قوائم وسقوف من الذهب أيضاً.





















ومن آثار بابل القديمة رأس الملك ( حمورابي ) المصنوع من حجر الديوريت، والآخر من البرونز، وهناك تماثيل كثيرة للآلهة والناس، وهناك الأختام البابلية المسطحة المليئة بالنقوش والرموز الدينية والقصص الشعبية. وهناك اللوحات الجدارية المذهلة التي عثر عليها في قصر مدينة ماري للإلهة عشتار والملوك الكلدانية فقد أعطتنا أعظم وأجمل الآثار منها ( أسد بابل ) وهو تمثال من الحجر لأسد يفترس شخصاً يدل علي العدو، وطول التمثال (2.6 ) متراً وأرتفاعه (11.95 ) متراً. وتظهر ( بوابة عشتار ) كقلعة فخمة بطرازها الخاص وسطوحها المزينة بأشكال حيوانية خرافية مصنوعة من السيراميك أو الخزف المزجج والملون والنباتات النقشية، وتظهر الأسود ( رمز عشتار ) والعجول (رمز أدد ) والتنين ( موش خوش) رمز مردوخ بتركيبة خرافية ( سم كلب ذيل طويل، رأس أفعي، أقدام أسد أمامية، أقدام طير خلفية ).






























6ـ حدائق بابل المعلقة:

وهي أحدى عجائب الدنيا السبع، وأعظم ما في المدينة الحدائق المعلقة أو الجنائن المعلقة.,وسميت معلقة لأنها نمت على شرفات القصور وشرفة القصر الملكي ببابل وذلك حوالي (600 ق. م)، شيدها نبوخذ نصر إكراما لزوجته، وكان يريد أن يجدد مدينة بابل وذلك لتناسب جمال وفخامة وعظمة زوجته وتعتبر فتنة وعجيبة الدول والعصور القديمة. وقد بنيت على عقود الحجر النفيس المقدم هدايا للملك, وفي الزراعة كانت عبارة عن طبقات تصلح لمختلف النباتات والأشجار, والماء يرفع ويخزن في الطبقات العليا بصهاريج لسقاية الأشجار.





وتتصل الطبقات مع بعضها البعض بدرج واسع، وعندما يأتي الربيع وتزهر وتورق الأشجار والورود في هذه الارتفاعات في وسط أجواء الحرارة العالية, تكون هذه الحدائق جنة في الأرض تنشرالرائحة العطرة, والبرودة واللطافة لتستحق أن تكون من عجائب الدنيا السبع التي بناها نبوخذ نصر لكي تتمتع زوجته بها.

وقد قام الغزاة العيلاميون بعد سقوط بابل الأمورية بنقلها إلى( سوسة ) عاصمتهم، وقد عثرت عليها البعثة الفرنسية في أطلال مدينة سوسة عام (1901 م)، ونقلت إلي متحف اللوفر في باريس.





7ـ الملك حمورابي:



حكم هذا الملك العظيم في بابل بين عامي (1792 - 1750 ق . م)، وعندما تسلم الحكم كانت في البلاد قوى مختلفة، ودويلات متفرقة تتنازع السلطة، فاستطاع أن يوحدها، وأن يبني بها صرح إمبراطورية مترامية ألإطراف، ضمت جميع أنحاء العراق، والمدن القريبة من بلاد الشام حتى سواحل البحر المتوسط وبلاد عيلام ومناطق أخرى. لئن كان حمورابي شخصية عسكرية عالية القدرة، فإن الجانب الإداري والتنظيمي لديه لم يكن يقل عنه في الجانب العسكري. إن مسلته الشهيرة موجودة الآن في متحف اللوفر بباريس، و تعتبر واحدة من أقدم وأشمل القوانين في وادي بلاد ما بين النهرين والعالم.























مسلة شريعة حمورابي



تحتوي مسلة حمورابي على (282 ) مادة تشريعية، تعالج مختلف شؤون الحياة. يجد فيها القارئ تنظيماً واعياً لكل مجالات الحياة، وتحديداً على جانب كبير من الدقة لواجبات الفرد وحقوقه في المجتمع، كل حسب وظيفته ومسؤوليته. وقد وجدت في مدينة سوسة عاصمة عيلام أثناء حفريات البعثة التنقيبية الفرنسية (1901-1902م)، رتبت مواد هذه المدونة في أرب

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 1:

1 Introduction:Babylon ancient city in Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), which, after the fall of Assyria, the base of the Babylonian Empire. The Babylonian civilisation emerged between (18 BC) (6 BCE), as mentioned in the Quran, saying the Almighty: "And that which was revealed to the two angels in Babel EPC also encourages and Marut/Sura: 2 meaning of Babylon: The word "Babylon" in the Akkadian language means "door God", and has named several senior names such as: "bablonia", the land of Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Mesopotamia, webabila (door).3 the location of Babylon: Fall of Babylon in the middle section of Iraq, about away from the Baghdad (100) kilometers from the county seat, and accessories: spend Hilla, walmhaoil, Mussaib, Hindi, Jordan.High sloping lands towards the South (35) m above sea level, dominated by desert climate with low rainfall and high temperatures in the summer as up to (50), and a warm winter, and there were two, one: is the Babylon of old which was the capital of alamorih and marine walkishih States, either Babel II: it was the capital of the State of the Chaldean. And between the first and second Babylon hundreds of years of Babylonian civilization. 4 Governors of Babylon: The foundations of alamori leader (Sumo Ibom) Babylon (1880 BC), and the Kings of the dynasty of Babylon, known as (alamorih dynasty) eleven King, reigned over three centuries, was the greatest of the ancient kings of Babylon is King (Hammurabi), the ruling King Hammurabi (about 2100 b.c.) and his civilization reached its zenith and prosperity of Iraq, swept the Babylonian language, speaking and writing, the region as a whole. Upgraded knowledge and science, and the arts. Trade has grown wider is unparalleled in the history of this region. The Department was centralized, unified law governing the country's years of King Hammurabi of all its peoples. The rule of Hammurabi has lasted (43) years where the Babylonian civilization flourished, aserhamorabi is the golden age of Mesopotamia, and it will come. 5 architecture in Babylon: Probably the most famous of the ancient ruins of Babylon (Tower of Babel), composed of seven layers topped with a circular Temple had higher imagine form artist (Peter air) in one of the most beautiful paintings. Either the old Babylonian palaces FA entered the Palace with thick walls, Mary (40 feet) built-up of milk on the basis of limestone, with defensive towers used for defence. City walls were height approximately (3, 5) meters and about her thickness (2, 5) metres, these fences 100 door made of gold, and all door jambs and roofs of gold too. The ancient ruins of Babylon and head of the King (Hammurabi) made of diorite, and one of bronze, there are many statues of gods and people, there are seals flat filled with Babylonian inscriptions, symbols of religious and folk tales. There are stunning frescoes found at Castle city Mary of Ishtar and the Chaldean Kings, has given us the greatest and prettiest monuments (haidi), is a statue of stone lion preys people pointing at the enemy, and the length of the statue (2.6) meters, height (11.95). Show (Ishtar Gate) as a luxury model of the Castle and surfaces decorated with animal forms fairy made from ceramic or glazed porcelain and stained and alnkshih plants, appear black (Ishtar) and calves (add) and Dragon (more khosh) code Murdoch fairy structure (cm long tail dog, snake, Lion, feet of birds background). 6 the hanging gardens of Babylon: One of the seven wonders, the greatest in city gardens or hanging gardens, named for it's grown on terraces and balcony of the Royal Palace of Babylon, about (600 BC), built by Nebuchadnezzar to honor his wife, and he wanted to renew the city of Babylon to suit the beauty of luxury and grandeur of his wife are charm and fantastic States and antiquity. Built on decades of precious stone presented gifts to the King, and in agriculture were layers suitable for different plants and trees, and raising water and stored in the upper layers of the tanks for watering trees. The layers are related to each other by a wide staircase, and when spring comes blooming and foliate trees and flowers in spikes in amid high temperatures, these gardens a paradise on Earth tnshralraehh fragrant, and cold and chilled to deserve to be the seven wonders built by Nebuchadnezzar to enjoy his wife.He has alailamion invaders after the fall of Babylon to the alamorih (Sousse) as their capital, and the French mission was found in the ruins of the town of Sousse (1901), and was transferred to the Louvre Museum in Paris. 7 King Hammurabi: The great King of Babylon (1792-1750 BC), when the verdict was delivered in the country different forces, and sporadic conflict States, could that unites them, that builds its sprawling Empire said, all over Iraq, and the nearby cities of the Levant until Mediterranean coast lands of Elam and other areas. Although Hammurabi high-powered military figure, the administrative and organizational side has not less on the military side. The famous his large needle is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris, and is considered one of the oldest and most comprehensive laws in the Valley of Mesopotamia and the world. Code of Hammurabi Obelisk Contains an obelisk of Hammurabi (282) legislative substance, dealing with various life. Find reader conscious of structured all spheres of life, specifically the accuracy of individual duties and rights in society, each according to its function and responsibility. I have found in Sousse, the capital of Elam during prospecting mission excavations (1901-1902), arranged in four articles of this code

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 2:

1 Introduction: Babylon, an ancient city the land of Mesopotamia (the Tigris and Euphrates), which, after the fall of the Assyrian, Babylonian Empire base. Babylonian civilization emerged between centuries (18 BC) and (6 BC), as mentioned in the Koran, the Almighty, saying: "What was revealed to the two angels Babylon, Harut and Marut" / Al: / 2 Babylon meaning of the word: the word " Babylon "in the Akkadian language means" god door ", he called ancient by several names including:" Pablonaa ", the land of Babylon in Mesopotamia, and Mesopotamia, and Babila (the door of God.) 3 Location Babylon: Babylon, located in the central part of Iraq, and away from the capital, Baghdad, about (100) almost km from the county seat, and related accessories both: spend Hilla and Mahaweel, and Musayyib, and Hindi, and the Hashemite. and rising land sloping towards the south (35 m) above sea level, dominated by desert climate which is characterized by a lack of fall rain and high temperatures in summer as up to (50), and dominated by a warm atmosphere in winter, and there were two cities: the first is the ancient Babylon, which was the capital Alomorih, sea and Alkeshih States, but Babylon II: was the capital of the Chaldean State. And between Babylon first and second hundreds of years of rich Babylonian civilization. 4 rulers of Babylon: the foundations of the Amorite leader (SOMO Ibom) Babylon year (1880 BC), and the number of the kings of Babylon dynasty known as (strain Alamorih) A ten king, who ruled for three centuries , and was the greatest kings of ancient Babylon is king (Hammurabi), he took over the King Hammurabi ruled about (2100 BC) and in his era civilization of Iraq at the peak of its greatness and prosperity, and swept the Babylonian language, spoken and written, the entire region .. and improved science and knowledge and the arts .. and expanded trade wider unmatched in the history of this region .. The central administration, and governing the country by law a uniform age of King Hammurabi of all their people. The long rule of Hammurabi (43) years in which flourished Babylonian civilization, as it is Asrahmoraba golden age of Mesopotamia, and will come mentioned so detailed. 5 architecture in Babylon: Perhaps the most famous ancient Babylon is the effects of (Tower of Babel) composed of seven circular layers topped with a higher form of the temple has to imagine the artist (Peter Broujel) in one of the most beautiful paintings. The ancient Babylonian palaces Fa months pregnant Mary Palace with thick walls, (40 ft) constructed of milk on the basis of limestone and punctuated by defensive towers used for defense. City and was once the walls of a height of approximately (3.5) meters and a thickness of about (2,5 ) meters, and it was for these fences hundred door is made ​​of gold, and each section lists and ceilings of gold as well. It is the old effects of Babylon king's head (Hammurabi) made ​​of stone diorite, and the other bronze, there are statues of many of the gods and the people, and there are seals Babylonian flat filled with inscriptions and religious symbols and folk stories. There are frescoes stunning found in the palace of Mary city to the goddess Ishtar and kings Chaldean has given us the greatest and most beautiful effects of which (Lion of Babylon), a statue of stone lion preys on people demonstrating against the enemy, and the length of the statue (2.6 meters) and height (11.95 meters). Show (Ishtar Gate) citadel luxury has its own style and their surfaces decorated with animal forms fairy made ​​of ceramic or glazed porcelain and stained plants Nakecah, black and show (Ishtar code) and calves (Adad) and Dragon code (much Khosh) Murdoch code fairy composition (cm long tail of a dog, the head of a snake, the feet of a lion front, feet bird background). 6 Hanging Gardens of Babylon: one of the Seven Wonders, and the greatest thing in the city pending or outstanding gardens gardens., and was named outstanding because they are grown on balconies palaces and balcony royal palace in Babylon and that about (600 BC . m), built by Nebuchadnezzar in honor of his wife, and he wanted to renew the city of Babylon in order to fit the beauty and grandeur and greatness of his wife and is considered sedition and wonderful countries and antiquity. It was built on the stone precious decades presented gifts to the king, and in agriculture was a layers suitable for different plants and trees, the water lifted and stored in the upper layers tanks for watering the trees. Relate to the layers with each other tray large, and when spring comes and blooms and foliate trees and roses in this elevations in Amid the high temperatures, these gardens be a paradise on earth Tnscheralraihh fragrant, and cold and kindness to deserve to be one of the Seven Wonders built by Nebuchadnezzar in order to enjoy his wife out. He has invaders Elamites after the fall of Babylon Alomorih transferred to (Sousse) capital, it was found by French mission in the ruins of the city of Sousse year (1901), and was transferred to the Louvre Museum in Paris. 7 King Hammurabi: This great king ruled in Babylon between (1792-1750 BC. m), and when he came to power was the country's various forces, and states Sporadic disputed power, was able to united, and build the edifice sprawling empire, included all parts of Iraq, near the cities of the Levant and even the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Elam, and other areas. While Hammurabi personal high military capability, the administrative and organizational side has at least it was not on the military side. The famous Mselth now in the Louvre Museum in Paris, and is considered one of the oldest and most comprehensive laws in the valley of Mesopotamia and the world. Obelisk Code of Hammurabi obelisk of Hammurabi contains 282 legislative items, dealing with various aspects of life. Where the reader finds organized and conscious of each areas of life, and specifically on the large side of the precision of the duties and rights of the individual in society, each according to his job and his responsibility. I have found in the city of Sousse, the capital of Elam during excavations French excavation mission (1901-1902m), arranged the materials in this blog AARP

النتائج (الإنجليزية) 3:

1 - Introduction:




, Babylon, ancient city in the land of Mesopotamia (the Tigris and the Euphrates), and, after the fall of Assyria, the base of the Babylonian Empire. The Babylonian civilization between the centuries (18 BC), and 6 s).M), as mentioned in the Qu'ran, saying the Almighty:

"and revealed to the kings in Babylon harut" al: / /





2. The word "Babylon:

" Babylon "in the Akkadian language means" gate of God ", the he called the senior several names including:"", the land of Babylon, Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Mesopotamia, Wbabyla (God). 3. The location of Babylon:



the fall of Babylon in the middle section of Iraq, and away from the capital Baghdad, about 100 kilometers from the district center, and accessories.Spend a sweet, Walmhawyl, Hindi, hashimiyah, Walmsyb.

and sloping lands to the South (35 m above sea level, and the desert climate, which is characterized by low rainfall and high temperature in summer Anadh (up to 50 degrees),And a warm atmosphere Shtaaanan, there were two cities, first: is that ancient Babylon was the capital of the state, the marine and Alamwryt Walkyshyt Babylon was the capital of second the state of the.Babylon first and the second centuries of the Babylonian civilization rich.





4. The rulers of Babylon:

established leader Amorite (SOMO Ibom) Babylon in 1880 BC.M, and the number of kings of Babylon Dynasty and known as (ten) a Alamwryt Dynasty king, ruled for three centuries, the greatest kings of ancient Babylon King Hammurabi, the king Hammurabi ruled around 2100 BC.