Resin Flow and Compaction
Among the large number of multipyhsical phenomena taking place during composite manufacturing processes, resin flow is another important aspect affecting the stressstrain generation. Resin flow affects the distribution of the fiber volume fraction, the mechanical properties of the laminate and the final dimensions of the part [23]. Stress calculations require knowledge of the local elastic properties which are functions of the local fiber volume fraction.
Resin rich and resin poor regions occur as a consequence of resin flow within the part. The distributions of the resin flow and resin pressure in the composite part play a critical role for the void formation and migration.
Resin flow is also crucial during the manufacturing of composite sandwich panels since the liquid resin pressure may cause surface dimpling and core buckling [23]. In order to increase the fiber volume fraction of the laminate, a bleeder is sometimes applied inside the vacuum bag during the manufacturing of composite laminates. Liquid resin allows the bleeder to move and bleed through the thickness direction of the laminate. Consequently, local fiber volume fraction gradients occur inside the laminate.
To illustrate, flat composite parts often form resin rich regions near the tooling and resin poor regions on the bag side of the laminate, as represented schematically in Fig. 3.
The local CTE of the composite part depends on the fiber volume fraction distributions. And hence, the low CTE on the upper side of the laminate results in less shrinkage than the CTE on the lower side of the laminate during the cool down. This unsymmetrical behaviour causes warpage of the flat parts as schematically shown in Fig. 3.
Although the compaction mechanism for curved parts is similar to the compaction mechanism for flat parts, a different mechanism, known as fiber bridging, is responsible for the non-uniform fiber volume fraction in the throughthickness direction. As the thickness of the part is reduced by compaction, the friction between the prepreg layers prevents these layers from conforming to the tool shape at the corner. The applied pressure is ineffective at the corner of the part due to fiber bridging. This creates a low pressure region at the corner of the tool which is then percolated by resin, increasing the thickness of the part at the corner and forming a resin rich region as represented in Fig. 4. This effect is more pronounced in tighter radius parts. The corner thickening results in a higher resin fraction at the corner and hence a higher through-thickness CTE. The higher CTE at the corner in turn causes more spring-in since there is more shrinkage in the through-thickness direction during the cool down stage.
Radford [24] observed warping in symmetric carbon fiber/epoxy laminates even though classical laminate plate theory predicted no warpage. The non-uniform fiber volume fraction in the through-thickness direction, i.e., the local resin-rich regions near the tooling and resin-poor regions at the top surface adjacent to the bleeder, resulted in concave down parts. Fiber volume fractions of 0.52 and 0.59 were observed on the bag and tool sides, respectively, with an interior volume fraction of 0.57. The variation in the fiber volume fraction was included in the CLT analysis in which the mid-plane curvatures were predicted taking the CTE of the laminate and matrix shrinkage into account [24]. The predicted curvature for the long uniaxial carbon fiber/epoxy sample strips of varying thickness was found to match with the experimentally observed curvature. Furthermore, the results showed that the fiber volume fraction gradients induced during a top bleed curing was an important component of the warpage observed in the composite part [24].
 
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راتنج التدفق والضغطمن بين عدد كبير من الظواهر مولتيبيهسيكال التي تحدث أثناء عمليات تصنيع مركب، هو تدفق راتنج الجوانب الهامة الأخرى التي تؤثر على الجيل ستريسستراين. تدفق راتنج يؤثر على توزيع جزء حجم الألياف، والخواص الميكانيكية للرقائق والأبعاد النهائية للجزء [23]. حسابات الإجهاد يتطلب معرفة خصائص مطاطا المحلية التي وظائف الكسر حجم الألياف المحلية.راتنج الغنية والمناطق الفقيرة راتنج تحدث نتيجة تدفق الراتنج داخل الجزء. توزيعات ضغط تدفق وراتنج الراتنج في الجزء المركب تلعب دوراً حاسما تشكيل الفراغ والهجرة.تدفق راتنج مهم أيضا أثناء تصنيع لوحات ساندويتش المركبة حيث قد تسبب الضغط الراتنج السائل تجوف السطحية والأساسية التواء [23]. من أجل زيادة حجم الألياف الكسر من الرقائق، تطبيق منزوفة أحياناً داخل كيس فراغ أثناء تصنيع رقائق المركب. يسمح الراتنج السائل منزوفة للتحرك وتنزف من خلال اتجاه سمك الرقائق. ونتيجة لذلك، تحدث التدرجات جزء حجم الألياف المحلية داخل الرقائق.على سبيل المثال، تشكل الأجزاء المركبة شقة غالباً ما راتنج المناطق الغنية قرب المناطق الفقيرة الراتنج والأدوات على الجانب حقيبة من الرقائق، ممثلا تخطيطياً في الشكل 3.The local CTE of the composite part depends on the fiber volume fraction distributions. And hence, the low CTE on the upper side of the laminate results in less shrinkage than the CTE on the lower side of the laminate during the cool down. This unsymmetrical behaviour causes warpage of the flat parts as schematically shown in Fig. 3.Although the compaction mechanism for curved parts is similar to the compaction mechanism for flat parts, a different mechanism, known as fiber bridging, is responsible for the non-uniform fiber volume fraction in the throughthickness direction. As the thickness of the part is reduced by compaction, the friction between the prepreg layers prevents these layers from conforming to the tool shape at the corner. The applied pressure is ineffective at the corner of the part due to fiber bridging. This creates a low pressure region at the corner of the tool which is then percolated by resin, increasing the thickness of the part at the corner and forming a resin rich region as represented in Fig. 4. This effect is more pronounced in tighter radius parts. The corner thickening results in a higher resin fraction at the corner and hence a higher through-thickness CTE. The higher CTE at the corner in turn causes more spring-in since there is more shrinkage in the through-thickness direction during the cool down stage.Radford [24] observed warping in symmetric carbon fiber/epoxy laminates even though classical laminate plate theory predicted no warpage. The non-uniform fiber volume fraction in the through-thickness direction, i.e., the local resin-rich regions near the tooling and resin-poor regions at the top surface adjacent to the bleeder, resulted in concave down parts. Fiber volume fractions of 0.52 and 0.59 were observed on the bag and tool sides, respectively, with an interior volume fraction of 0.57. The variation in the fiber volume fraction was included in the CLT analysis in which the mid-plane curvatures were predicted taking the CTE of the laminate and matrix shrinkage into account [24]. The predicted curvature for the long uniaxial carbon fiber/epoxy sample strips of varying thickness was found to match with the experimentally observed curvature. Furthermore, the results showed that the fiber volume fraction gradients induced during a top bleed curing was an important component of the warpage observed in the composite part [24].
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