Summary
In England, Duncan's son Malcolm tests the loyalty of his newest recruit, Macduff. By demeaning his own nobility and professing himself to be a greater tyrant than Macbeth, Malcolm hopes to goad Macduff into an open display of his loyalties. This attempt at reverse psychology has its desired effect. Macduff is thrown into a fit of anger against the "untitled tyrant" Macbeth, and Malcolm enlists his help in the struggle. When Ross appears with news of the slaughter of Macduff's family, Macduff is finally convinced not only to engage in the rebel army but also to take personal revenge upon Macbeth. This scene also includes a passage in which it is reported that England's king, Edward the Confessor, has provided more than political aid to Malcolm; he has been healing the sick by supernatural means.
Analysis
This scene develops further the important issues of loyalty and courage found in the preceding scene, and it is structured in two halves: the first concerns the testing of Macduff's loyalty by Malcolm; the second evokes the great passion of Macduff in the face of terrible grief and his sworn revenge on Macbeth.
It is helpful to think of this scene as a job interview. Malcolm begins by suggesting that Macduff may be prepared to betray him as "a sacrifice" to his previous leader, Macbeth. Macduff passes this stage of the interview by boldly announcing, "I am not treacherous." Still, Malcolm persists: Men may look as bright as angels on the outside but still harbor secret feelings within. Why, he asks, did Macduff desert his wife and children? At this point, Macduff nearly fails the test: He cannot believe that Malcolm is so short-sighted not to realize that his interests lie in defending not only his family but the whole nation of Scotland.
As in Ross' speech in Act IV, Scene 2, the context of this entire scene has been set in terms of the country as a whole: Macduff explains to Malcolm that "Each new morn . . . new sorrows / Strike heaven on the face, that it resounds / As if it felt with Scotland"(4-7). Later, Macduff cries out "O Scotland, Scotland . . . O nation miserable!" Macbeth's motivation in murdering Duncan may have been personal, but its effects have become very much public.
Malcolm's next move is a daring piece of reverse psychology: He claims that as a future king, he himself will be even more malicious and barbarous than Macbeth. To understand this scene, the audience must be aware from the start that Malcolm is lying when he suggests that he possesses no virtues, no nobility, no honor, and no qualities of kingship.
Macduff's response to this suggestion is at first cautious. His speech beginning with the words "Boundless intemperance in nature is a tyranny . . . " has a diplomatic tone. Macduff argues, probably against his better judgment, that certain human sins are forgivable, even in a king. Even avarice, the sinful desire for wealth, is "portable" when balanced against the good qualities of kingship. "But I have none," replies Malcolm, listing exactly those qualities which he does have and which, of course, Macbeth lacks. At this point, Macduff snaps. He cannot endure the thought that the country might have to undergo another reign even more vicious than Macbeth's. Seeing Macduff's clearly emotional response, Malcolm relents, revealing as fake the self-portrait he has previously given.
The next 20 lines may appear curious to a modern audience, for two reasons: first, because they were probably added as a flattering direct address to King James I, for whom the play was performed; and second because of what they reveal about the miraculous healing powers ascribed to his forebear, Edward the Confessor. According to legend, Edward had been able to cure scrofula, or the King's Evil, a glandular inflammation, simply by touching the diseased patient. But the passage is dramatically ironic as well: The king of England is shown to be a monarch of genuine goodness and to use the supernatural for beneficial purposes. Coming almost immediately after Macbeth's visit to the Witches, this contrast is made even more clear. Moreover, the speech introduces us to the choric (or commentating) figure of the Doctor, who speaks of disease but is powerless to cure the more severe, mental affliction of Lady Macbeth in the subsequent scene.
When Ross enters, his report consolidates this idea of disease. According to him, the entire country is "teeming" with illness: He reveals that "sighs, and groans, and shrieks . . . rent the air" and that "good men's lives expire before the flowers in their caps, / Dying or ere they sicken" (168-173). However, the worst news is for the ears of Macduff alone. In a piece of dialogue heavy with emotion, Ross relates the story of the murder of Lady Macduff and her little children. His speech wavers, as he tries to avoid telling Macduff the truth.
On hearing the news about his family, Macduff's reaction is understandable. Shakespeare gives him an implied stage direction in Malcolm's line "What man! ne'er pull your hat upon your brows," which suggests that Macduff must cover his face to prevent any unmanly show of grief. But Malcolm suggests that Macduff's tears should become "medicines . . . / To cure this deadly grief." Macduff, however, feels he can only blame himself. With ironic reference to his wife's words of the previous scene, he alludes to his "poor chickens," slaughtered by the "fell swoop" of a bird of prey. The emotional impact of this scene reaches its climax in Macduff's response when Malcolm tells him to "[d]ispute it like a man": "I shall do so / But I must also feel it as a man."
From this moment onwards, Macduff becomes the stereotypical avenging hero. It was he who first discovered the murder of Duncan, having arrived, Christ-like, at the gates of hell in Act II, Scene 3. Now he must take on himself the personal act of revenge. The scene is set for the final act.
Near King Edward's palace in England, Malcolm and Macduff brainstorm about Scotland's plight under the tyrannous Macbeth.
Malcolm suggests finding a nice shady spot where they can cry their eyes out. Macduff's got a better idea: maybe they should whip out their swords and fight like "men" against the good-for-nothing Macbeth.
Sure, that's an okay idea, says Malcolm; but he's worried Macduff might have something to gain by turning on him, (Malcolm) and betraying him to Macbeth. Besides, Macduff doesn't seem like a loyal guy these days, having abandoned his family back in Scotland and all.No man, Macduff says; I'm totally loyal.
Still, Malcolm's a little paranoid so he decides to test Macduff by suggesting that even he, Malcolm, might make a poor king, were they to defeat Macbeth. Scotland would suffer, he says, under his own bad habits. What bad habits? Malcolm's got "an impossible lust" that would only get worse as he devoured all of the maidens of Scotland.
Macduff at first insists there are plenty of maidens in Scotland, and Malcolm would be satisfied.
But Malcolm won't let up talking about how bad a king he'd be, and Macduff finally gives up and admits that Scotland's pretty much doomed.
Once Malcolm sees that Macduff is truly devoted to Scotland rather than just a political alliance, Malcolm goes "sike!": not only is he not lustful, he's never even "known" a woman.
So, Macduff, Malcolm and ten thousand Englishmen at their backs get ready to take Scotland back.
Then a doctor shows up (rather unexpectedly) and talks about how King Edward is tending to a crew of poor souls afflicted by a nasty disease called "scrofula," which the King heals with his touch.
This is why it's helpful to have a genuine king: he gets his power from God and can do cool stuff like cure diseases and rule with an iron fist.
We interrupt this program for a History Snack: Scrofula (what we now know is a form of tuberculosis that affects the lymph nodes and skin) was also called the "King's Evil" and it was thought to be cured by a little something called the "Royal Touch," a kind of laying on of hands ceremony that was performed by monarchs in France and England as far back as the middle ages.
The healing ceremony was supposedly started in England by King Edward the Confessor, Macbeth's ideal king. In a book called The Royal Touch, historian Marc Bloch writes that King James I (who sat on the throne when Macbeth was first written and performed) wasn't exactly thrilled about performing this ceremony —he thought it was superstitious —but he did it anyway.
Ross shows up and chats with Malcolm and Macduff about how Scotland is in a bad wayl
Macduff asks after his family, and Ross lies that they're fine. He adds that if Macduff were to return, Scotland might gather and take up arms against Macbeth.
Malcolm promises when they finally arrive in Scotland, ten thousand English soldiers will come, too.
Ross then announces he has some bad news, actually. Macduff offers to guess at it, but before he does Ross blurts out that, oops, actually Macduff's family has been gruesomely murdered.
Macduff blames himself for leaving, but Malcolm recommends that Macduff take his own advice and get his feelings out by murdering rather than weeping.
Macduff vows to slay Macbeth, committing to action instead of thought. Highlighter alert: that bit about "action" rather than "thought" is super important.
النتائج (
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SummaryIn England, Duncan's son Malcolm tests the loyalty of his newest recruit, Macduff. By demeaning his own nobility and professing himself to be a greater tyrant than Macbeth, Malcolm hopes to goad Macduff into an open display of his loyalties. This attempt at reverse psychology has its desired effect. Macduff is thrown into a fit of anger against the "untitled tyrant" Macbeth, and Malcolm enlists his help in the struggle. When Ross appears with news of the slaughter of Macduff's family, Macduff is finally convinced not only to engage in the rebel army but also to take personal revenge upon Macbeth. This scene also includes a passage in which it is reported that England's king, Edward the Confessor, has provided more than political aid to Malcolm; he has been healing the sick by supernatural means.AnalysisThis scene develops further the important issues of loyalty and courage found in the preceding scene, and it is structured in two halves: the first concerns the testing of Macduff's loyalty by Malcolm; the second evokes the great passion of Macduff in the face of terrible grief and his sworn revenge on Macbeth.فمن المفيد أن نفكر في هذا المشهد كمقابلة عمل. مالكولم يبدأ بالإيحاء بأن ماجدوف قد تكون مستعدة لخيانة له باعتباره "تضحية" لزعيمه السابق، ماكبث. ماجدوف بتمرير هذه المرحلة المقابلة بجرأة الإعلان، "أنا لست الغادرة". استمرت مالكولم: الرجال قد تبدو مشرقة مثل الملائكة في الخارج ولكن لا يزال المرفأ مشاعر سرية داخل. لماذا، يسأل، هل ماجدوف الصحراوية زوجته وأطفاله؟ عند هذه النقطة، ماجدوف تقريبا يفشل الاختبار: قال لا أستطيع أن أصدق أن مالكولم القصيرة حتى لا أن ندرك أن مصالحة تكمن في الدفاع عن أسرته، بل الأمة بأسرها في اسكتلندا.كما هو الحال في خطاب روس في "القانون الرابع"، المشهد 2، تم تعيين سياق هذا المشهد بأكمله فيما يتعلق بالبلد ككل: ماجدوف يشرح مالكولم أن "كل الضحى جديدة.. الأحزان الجديدة/الإضراب السماء على الوجه، وأن كان تدوي/كما لو أنه يرى مع Scotland"(4-7). في وقت لاحق، يستصرخ ماجدوف "O اسكتلندا اسكتلندا... س لامة بائسة! " ربما كان الدافع لماكبث في قتل دنكان الشخصية، ولكن أصبحت إثارة الجمهور كثيرا.مالكولم في الخطوة القادمة جريئة قطعة من علم النفس عكسي: وهو يدعى أنه هو نفسه سوف يكون كملك مستقبل، حتى أكثر خبيثة ووحشية من ماكبث. لفهم هذا المشهد، الجمهور يجب أن ندرك منذ البداية أن مالكولم يكذب عندما قال أنه يقترح أن يملك لا الفضائل ولا نبل، لا شرف ولا صفات الملكية.Macduff's response to this suggestion is at first cautious. His speech beginning with the words "Boundless intemperance in nature is a tyranny . . . " has a diplomatic tone. Macduff argues, probably against his better judgment, that certain human sins are forgivable, even in a king. Even avarice, the sinful desire for wealth, is "portable" when balanced against the good qualities of kingship. "But I have none," replies Malcolm, listing exactly those qualities which he does have and which, of course, Macbeth lacks. At this point, Macduff snaps. He cannot endure the thought that the country might have to undergo another reign even more vicious than Macbeth's. Seeing Macduff's clearly emotional response, Malcolm relents, revealing as fake the self-portrait he has previously given.The next 20 lines may appear curious to a modern audience, for two reasons: first, because they were probably added as a flattering direct address to King James I, for whom the play was performed; and second because of what they reveal about the miraculous healing powers ascribed to his forebear, Edward the Confessor. According to legend, Edward had been able to cure scrofula, or the King's Evil, a glandular inflammation, simply by touching the diseased patient. But the passage is dramatically ironic as well: The king of England is shown to be a monarch of genuine goodness and to use the supernatural for beneficial purposes. Coming almost immediately after Macbeth's visit to the Witches, this contrast is made even more clear. Moreover, the speech introduces us to the choric (or commentating) figure of the Doctor, who speaks of disease but is powerless to cure the more severe, mental affliction of Lady Macbeth in the subsequent scene.When Ross enters, his report consolidates this idea of disease. According to him, the entire country is "teeming" with illness: He reveals that "sighs, and groans, and shrieks . . . rent the air" and that "good men's lives expire before the flowers in their caps, / Dying or ere they sicken" (168-173). However, the worst news is for the ears of Macduff alone. In a piece of dialogue heavy with emotion, Ross relates the story of the murder of Lady Macduff and her little children. His speech wavers, as he tries to avoid telling Macduff the truth.لسماع الأخبار عن عائلته، رد الفعل ماجدوف في مفهومة. شكسبير يعطيه باتجاه مرحلة ضمنية في سطر في مالكولم "رجل ما! ne'er سحب قبعة الخاص بك عند الحواجب الخاص بك، "مما يوحي بأن ماجدوف يجب أن يغطي وجهة لمنع أي إظهار أشباه من الحزن. ولكن مالكولم تشير إلى أنه ينبغي أن تصبح الدموع ماجدوف في "الأدوية.../لعلاج هذا الحزن القاتل." ومع ذلك، يشعر ماجدوف، أنه يمكن فقط إلقاء اللوم على نفسه. بالسخرية من الإشارة إلى كلمات زوجته في المشهد السابق، كان يلمح إلى "دجاجة الفقراء" ذبح على يد "ضربة" من الطيور الجارحة. أثر هذا المشهد العاطفي تصل إلى ذروتها في الاستجابة ماجدوف عندما مالكولم يخبره ب "إيسبوتي [د] مثل رجل": "سأفعل ذلك/ولكن أيضا يجب أن يشعر أنه كرجل."من هذه اللحظة فصاعدا، يصبح ماجدوف بطل الثأر النمطية. وكان هو الذي اكتشف أولاً بقتل دونكان، قد وصل، مثل السيد المسيح، وعلى أبواب الجحيم في "القانون الثاني"، المشهد 3. الآن أنه يجب أن يأخذ على نفسه القانون الشخصي للانتقام. يتم تعيين موقع الحادث للوثيقة الختامية.قرب قصر الملك إدوارد في إنكلترا، مالكولم وماجدوف تبادل الأفكار حول المحنة في اسكتلندا تحت ماكبث استبدادية.مالكولم تشير إلى العثور على بقعة شادي جميل حيث أنها يمكن أن تصرخ عيونهم. حصلت ماجدوف فكرة أفضل: ربما ينبغي أن سوط سيوفهم ومحاربة مثل "الرجل" ضد الصالح قد أسقطه ماكبث.Sure, that's an okay idea, says Malcolm; but he's worried Macduff might have something to gain by turning on him, (Malcolm) and betraying him to Macbeth. Besides, Macduff doesn't seem like a loyal guy these days, having abandoned his family back in Scotland and all.No man, Macduff says; I'm totally loyal.Still, Malcolm's a little paranoid so he decides to test Macduff by suggesting that even he, Malcolm, might make a poor king, were they to defeat Macbeth. Scotland would suffer, he says, under his own bad habits. What bad habits? Malcolm's got "an impossible lust" that would only get worse as he devoured all of the maidens of Scotland.
Macduff at first insists there are plenty of maidens in Scotland, and Malcolm would be satisfied.
But Malcolm won't let up talking about how bad a king he'd be, and Macduff finally gives up and admits that Scotland's pretty much doomed.
Once Malcolm sees that Macduff is truly devoted to Scotland rather than just a political alliance, Malcolm goes "sike!": not only is he not lustful, he's never even "known" a woman.
So, Macduff, Malcolm and ten thousand Englishmen at their backs get ready to take Scotland back.
Then a doctor shows up (rather unexpectedly) and talks about how King Edward is tending to a crew of poor souls afflicted by a nasty disease called "scrofula," which the King heals with his touch.
This is why it's helpful to have a genuine king: he gets his power from God and can do cool stuff like cure diseases and rule with an iron fist.
We interrupt this program for a History Snack: Scrofula (what we now know is a form of tuberculosis that affects the lymph nodes and skin) was also called the "King's Evil" and it was thought to be cured by a little something called the "Royal Touch," a kind of laying on of hands ceremony that was performed by monarchs in France and England as far back as the middle ages.
The healing ceremony was supposedly started in England by King Edward the Confessor, Macbeth's ideal king. In a book called The Royal Touch, historian Marc Bloch writes that King James I (who sat on the throne when Macbeth was first written and performed) wasn't exactly thrilled about performing this ceremony —he thought it was superstitious —but he did it anyway.
Ross shows up and chats with Malcolm and Macduff about how Scotland is in a bad wayl
Macduff asks after his family, and Ross lies that they're fine. He adds that if Macduff were to return, Scotland might gather and take up arms against Macbeth.
Malcolm promises when they finally arrive in Scotland, ten thousand English soldiers will come, too.
Ross then announces he has some bad news, actually. Macduff offers to guess at it, but before he does Ross blurts out that, oops, actually Macduff's family has been gruesomely murdered.
Macduff blames himself for leaving, but Malcolm recommends that Macduff take his own advice and get his feelings out by murdering rather than weeping.
Macduff vows to slay Macbeth, committing to action instead of thought. Highlighter alert: that bit about "action" rather than "thought" is super important.
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