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Polymerization/Crystallization ShrinkageCrystallization causes shrinkage in thermoplastic composites whereas curing is the main cause of shrinkage in thermosettingresins before cooling. In thermosetting polymers during polymerization, the liquid resin is converted into a hard brittle solid by chemical cross-linking which increases the density and reduces the volume [21]. Resin shrinkage only occurs during the curing process and ceases once curingis complete. The amount of composite shrinkage during curing varies among the in-plane directions and the throughthickness direction due to the constraints provided by the fibers. Shrinkage strains will be much larger in the transverse direction than the strains in the fiber direction. Hence, the effect of the chemical shrinkage on residual stress and deformation is very similar to the effect of thermal contraction on residual stress and deformation, and can be analyzed in the same way. In order to take the effect of cure shrinkage on the spring-in into account, Radford and Diefendorf[22] added a cure shrinkage term into Eq. 1 and the spring-in angle is then expressed as:
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