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TEMPERATUREANDLIGHTVarious cultural conditions, such as temperature and light, may also affect androgenic response.Anther cultures are usually incubated at 24 to 25° C. In some species, an initial incubation at ahigher or lower temperature has been beneficial. Haploid plant production was increased inBrassicacampestrisL. by culturing the anthers at 35° C for 1 to 3 days prior to culture at 25° C (Keller andArmstrong, 1979). In contrast, androgenesis was promoted inCyclamen persicumMill. by incubatingcultured anthers at 5° C for the first 2 days of culture (Ishizaka and Uematsu, 1993).Some species respond best when exposed to alternating periods of light and dark, whereascontinuous light or dark cultural conditions have proven beneficial in other species. Other physicalcultural factors, such as atmospheric conditions in the culture vessel, anther density, and antherorientation, have been studied and found to affect androgenic response in some species; however,species have varied greatly in their response to these physical factors.FACTORS AFFECTING GYNOGENESIS
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