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The Thai-Malaysian sub-complexBorder security problems were also a major element of the Thai-Malaysian sub-complex. In this case, it was Thailand that was suspicious of Malaysia's apparentunwillingness to crack down on Malaysian Muslim elements sympathetic to thearmed struggle waged by Thai Muslim separatists in southern Thailand. Thehistorical backdrop, elaborated below, has been a major factor in the uneasy bordersecurity since 1957, when Malaya gained independence from Britain.Until 1909, the four northern Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu andPerlis were client states of the Thai king, together with the seven Thai provinces ofwhat was once the Muslim trading state of Pattani. In that year, Siam (the kingdomchanged its name to Thailand in 1939) surrendered its rights to the four Malay statesto Britain. This area has thus been a vortex of Thai and Malay nationalisms, withPattani Muslim separatist groups securing sympathy from Malay elements in the fournorthern Malayan (Malaysian after 1963) states.Because of this political dynamic, the Malaysian government led by the moderateUMNO (United Malays National Organization) has found it politically unwise tocrack down too hard on irredentist Muslim groups which look to the other majorMalay Muslim party, PAS (Partai Islam). The Malaysian government took theofficial position that the separatist groups within Thailand (but which also operatedon the border) were an internal matter and that it had provided no assistance to them
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