As a public intellectual, Edward Said debated Orientalism with historians and scholars ofarea studies, notably, the Orientalist and historian Bernard Lewis, who said that the thesis of Orientalism was “anti–Western”.[5]For subsequent editions of Orientalism (1978), Said wrote an "Afterword" (1995)[6] and a "Preface" (2003) addressing criticisms of the content, substance, and style of the work ascultural criticism.[7]