• Ali Pasa of Janina and the Greek

• Ali Pasa of Janina and the Greek Revolution
Greek ethnic feeling, also had found expression through the successes of the wealthy Phanariote Greeks of Istan who had the empire. The Treaty attained significant political and financial power i Karlowitz (1699) also had made possible a renewal of Ottoman trade relations with Habsburg Empire, with Greece becoming a prosperous Austria and the rest of the middleman for much of the trade of the Mediterranean with Central Europe. The Ottoman treaties with Russia in 1774 and 1794 not only opened the Straits to the commercial ships of Russia and Austria but also specified that the sultan's Greek under the protection of the subjects would be allowed sail their own Russian flag. The diversion of the French and British fleets during the wars of the French Revolution enabled enterprising Greek merchants to develop their own fleets and, in fact, to gain a stranglehold over much of the Ottoman sea trade with Europe-all of which stimulated industry and agriculture in Greece. The prosperity Greek merchant class and the growth of Greek mercantile colonies abroad of the made same Greeks far more aware of European ways and thoug than were most Ottomans and stimulated the rise of intellectuals and political leaders who spread the ideas of nationalism as well as revol on and independence. Most Greeks seem to ave been sfied with their uation in the Ottoman Empire as it was, particularly with the new prosperity. But the conflict between Ali Pasa of Janina and the sultan seems to have prepared the background for revolu tion and facilitated the activities of the Philiki Hetairia (Society of Friends which began as a small secret society organized originally among Greek merchants living in the Crimea 1814). The organization secured partisans throughout the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Alexander Ipsilanti, member of a leading Phanariote family, who had gone to Russia to study and had remained to serve in the Russian army. Russia was not actively supporting the movement at this time, and most Greeks still remembered Russian betrayals in their previous attempts a uprisings. But Ipsilanti's membership in the Russian army and the fact that another Phanariote scion, John Capodistrias, was a close adviser of the czar, enabled the society to gain the support of some millet and other leaders with the promise of Russian intervention Ipsilanti first attempted to raise the people of Wallachia and Moldavia against the sultan to divert the ottomans from the revolution he was preparing in Greece. Leading a force of Greeks from Russia, he crossed the Pruth into Moldavia (March 6, 1821) and began to march toward Jassy. But what misrule existed in the Principalities had been inflicted by his own Phanariote relatives rather than by the Ottomans, and there was little local inclination t join him, even on the part of Tudor Vladimirescu a Wallachian peasant then beginning his own peasant revolt against the nobles. Alexander I was so angry when he heard the news that he dismissed Ipsilanti from the army, refused to send any help. and even allowed the sultan to send troops into Moldavia to meet the attack. Ipsilanti's force was routed June 7, 1812), and he had to flee to Hunga The abortive move had no effect in Greece, but it did stimulate a national move- ment in the Principalities that was to lead u mately to an end of Phanariote domination and the establishment of Rumanian union and independence In the meantime, the Philiki Hetairia had been organizing cells in Greece with much more success and with some help from the Orthodox millet leaders, who hoped to use it as a lever against the Phanariotes. Prior to 1820 their main obstacle had been Ali Pasa of Janina, the old notable who had been extending his power in

النتائج (العربية) 1:

• محمد على باشا جانينا والثورة اليونانية Greek ethnic feeling, also had found expression through the successes of the wealthy Phanariote Greeks of Istan who had the empire. The Treaty attained significant political and financial power i Karlowitz (1699) also had made possible a renewal of Ottoman trade relations with Habsburg Empire, with Greece becoming a prosperous Austria and the rest of the middleman for much of the trade of the Mediterranean with Central Europe. The Ottoman treaties with Russia in 1774 and 1794 not only opened the Straits to the commercial ships of Russia and Austria but also specified that the sultan's Greek under the protection of the subjects would be allowed sail their own Russian flag. The diversion of the French and British fleets during the wars of the French Revolution enabled enterprising Greek merchants to develop their own fleets and, in fact, to gain a stranglehold over much of the Ottoman sea trade with Europe-all of which stimulated industry and agriculture in Greece. The prosperity Greek merchant class and the growth of Greek mercantile colonies abroad of the made same Greeks far more aware of European ways and thoug than were most Ottomans and stimulated the rise of intellectuals and political leaders who spread the ideas of nationalism as well as revol on and independence. Most Greeks seem to ave been sfied with their uation in the Ottoman Empire as it was, particularly with the new prosperity. But the conflict between Ali Pasa of Janina and the sultan seems to have prepared the background for revolu tion and facilitated the activities of the Philiki Hetairia (Society of Friends which began as a small secret society organized originally among Greek merchants living in the Crimea 1814). The organization secured partisans throughout the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Alexander Ipsilanti, member of a leading Phanariote family, who had gone to Russia to study and had remained to serve in the Russian army. Russia was not actively supporting the movement at this time, and most Greeks still remembered Russian betrayals in their previous attempts a uprisings. But Ipsilanti's membership in the Russian army and the fact that another Phanariote scion, John Capodistrias, was a close adviser of the czar, enabled the society to gain the support of some millet and other leaders with the promise of Russian intervention Ipsilanti first attempted to raise the people of Wallachia and Moldavia against the sultan to divert the ottomans from the revolution he was preparing in Greece. Leading a force of Greeks from Russia, he crossed the Pruth into Moldavia (March 6, 1821) and began to march toward Jassy. But what misrule existed in the Principalities had been inflicted by his own Phanariote relatives rather than by the Ottomans, and there was little local inclination t join him, even on the part of Tudor Vladimirescu a Wallachian peasant then beginning his own peasant revolt against the nobles. Alexander I was so angry when he heard the news that he dismissed Ipsilanti from the army, refused to send any help. and even allowed the sultan to send troops into Moldavia to meet the attack. Ipsilanti's force was routed June 7, 1812), and he had to flee to Hunga The abortive move had no effect in Greece, but it did stimulate a national move- ment in the Principalities that was to lead u mately to an end of Phanariote domination and the establishment of Rumanian union and independence In the meantime, the Philiki Hetairia had been organizing cells in Greece with much more success and with some help from the Orthodox millet leaders, who hoped to use it as a lever against the Phanariotes. Prior to 1820 their main obstacle had been Ali Pasa of Janina, the old notable who had been extending his power in

النتائج (العربية) 2:

• علي باشا من جانينا والثورة اليونانية
الشعور العرقي اليوناني، كما عثرت على التعبير من خلال النجاحات التي حققتها اليونانيين Phanariote الأثرياء من إستان الذي كان الإمبراطورية. بلغ معاهدة السلطة السياسية والمالية الكبيرة ط Karlowitz (1699) أيضا قد جعل من الممكن تجديد العلاقات التجارية العثمانية مع هابسبورغ الإمبراطورية، مع اليونان أصبحت النمسا مزدهرة وبقية الوسيط لجزء كبير من تجارة البحر الأبيض المتوسط مع أوروبا الوسطى . المعاهدات العثمانية مع روسيا في 1774 و 1794 لا تفتح إلا المضيق السفن التجارية من روسيا والنمسا ولكن حددت أيضا أن اليونانية السلطان تحت حماية المواد سيسمح الشراع العلم الروسي الخاص بهم. تحويل الأساطيل الفرنسية والبريطانية أثناء حروب الثورة الفرنسية تمكين التجار اليوناني مغامر لتطوير أساطيلها الخاصة و، في الواقع، للحصول على يضيق الخناق على الكثير من التجارة البحرية العثمانية مع أوروبا، والتي حفزت الصناعة والزراعة في اليونان. ازدهار اليونانية طبقة التجار ونمو المستعمرات اليونانية التجارية (نايمكس) في الخارج من نفس اليونانيين المحرز حتى أكثر وعيا من الطرق الأوروبية وبالرغم من ذلك من كانت معظم العثمانيين وحفز صعود المثقفين والقادة السياسيين الذين ينشرون الأفكار القومية وكذلك ريفول على والاستقلال. يبدو معظم اليونانيين لافي تم sfied مع uation في الإمبراطورية العثمانية كما كان، خصوصا مع ازدهار جديد. ولكن الصراع بين علي باشا من جانينا والسلطان يبدو أنه قد أعد الخلفية لنشوئها revolu وتسهيل أنشطة Philiki Hetairia (جمعية الأصدقاء التي بدأت كما نظمت جمعية سرية صغيرة أصلا بين التجار اليونانيين المقيمين في شبه جزيرة القرم 1814) . حصلت منظمة أنصار في جميع أنحاء الإمبراطورية العثمانية بقيادة الكسندر Ipsilanti، عضو في عائلة Phanariote الرائدة، الذي كان قد ذهب الى روسيا للدراسة وظلت للخدمة في الجيش الروسي. ان روسيا لا تدعم بنشاط الحركة في هذا الوقت، ومعظم اليونانيين لا يزال يتذكر الخيانات الروسية في المحاولات السابقة التي والانتفاضات. ولكن عضوية Ipsilanti في الجيش الروسي، وحقيقة أن سليل Phanariote آخر، جون Capodistrias، كان مستشارا مقربا من القيصر، تمكين المجتمع لكسب الدعم من بعض الدخن وغيره من القادة مع وعد من التدخل الروسي Ipsilanti حاول أول من رفع شعب الاشيا ومولدافيا ضد السلطان لتحويل العثمانيين من الثورة كان يستعد في اليونان. يقود قوة من اليونانيين من روسيا، كان يعبر Pruth في مولدافيا (6 مارس 1821) وبدأ في السير نحو جاسي. ولكن ماذا سوء الحكم موجودة في إمارتي قد يسببه بلده أقارب Phanariote بدلا من العثمانيين، وكان هناك القليل من الميل المحلي ر الانضمام اليه، حتى من جانب تيودور فلاديميريسكو فلاح الأفلاق ثم بدأ بنفسه الفلاحين ثورة ضد النبلاء . الكسندر كنت غاضبا جدا عندما سمعت الخبر أنه رفض Ipsilanti من الجيش، رفض ارسال أي مساعدة. وحتى سمح السلطان لارسال قوات الى مولدافيا لمواجهة الهجوم. تم توجيه قوة Ipsilanti في 7 يونيو 1812)، وكان عليه أن يهرب إلى هونجا كان خطوة فاشلة أي تأثير في اليونان، لكنه تحفيز الحرآة الوطنية في إمارتي التي كان من المقرر أن يؤدي ش المطاف إلى إنهاء هيمنة Phanariote وإنشاء الاتحاد الروماني والاستقلال وفي غضون ذلك، Philiki Hetairia تم تنظيم الخلايا في اليونان مع المزيد من النجاح ومع بعض المساعدة من قادة الدخن الأرثوذكسية، الذين كانوا يأملون في استخدامها كورقة ضغط ضد يونان الفنار. قبل 1820 العائق الرئيسي كان علي باشا من جانينا، وأبرز القديم الذي كان يمتد قوته في