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2.3 Tool–Part InteractionWhen the tool or mold and the composite part are forced together by a certain pressure and subjected to a temperature ramp, a shear interaction occurs between them due to the mismatch in their respective CTEs. As this occurs prior to any significant degree of resin modulus development, the shear modulus of the composite part is relatively low. The shear interaction takes place at the tool-part interface, hence the regions in the composite part not interacting with the tool does not experience this shear interaction. This results in a non-uniform stress distribution which is locke in as the resin cures. These stresses cause bending moments upon removal of the composite part from the tooling which leads to shape distortions such as warpage in the composite part. This is illustrated in Fig. 2 for generic flat and curved parts. The tool–part interaction which comes from the tooling constraints is an extrinsic source of residual stresses and shape deformations. Conversely, the thermal anisotropy and cure shrinkage are considered to be due to the intrinsic properties of the composite material itself.
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