one specific security issue—major war—was seen to have dominated threat perceptions, and one specific policy instrument—conventional armed forces and the intelligence apparatus that supported them—was seen to have dominated national policy priorities. As this era passed, it was natural that political leaders, policymakers, analysts and voters would start to shift their attention to new threats and their priorities to new policy approaches and instruments. And sure enough, a host of new security issues swiftly emerged, demanding new policy instruments and new uses for old ones. This was a complex process, but a few general trends clearly emerged over the 1990s. Concern shifted away from traditional inter-state security issues and towards intra-state, trans-state and non-state security threats. Priority—at least declaratory priority—moved away from military capabilities towards other policy instruments, and from military capabilities optimised for major war between big states to those more suited to smaller-scale wars, and the operations other than war, that were rapidly becoming both more common and more complex.