Various studies have used the Parental Authority
Questionnaire (PAQ) (Buri, 1991) to measure Baumrind’s (1971)
parental authority prototypes. For instance, Buri et al. (1988) demonstrated
that parental authoritarian style was negatively correlated with
self-esteem whereas the relationship was positive for parental authoritativeness.
They concluded that “the healthy exercise of authority
within the home may be of greater significance in the development
of self-esteem in daughters than in sons” (p. 281). Further, Klein
et al. (1996) found authoritative parental styles were generally correlated
with positive (late adolescent) self-perceptions and authoritarian
style with negative self-perceptions. Authoritarian parental styles in
the mother were associated with low self-worth, while authoritative
styles seemed particularly related to children feeling good about themselves.