ABSTRACT:
Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common in man. The bacterium primarily resides in the human
stomach, where it plays a significant role in gastric disease. If the spread of H. pylori is to be prevented, an understanding of the
transmission process is essential. The oral cavity has been proposed as a reservoir for gastric H. pylori, which has been detected
by culture and PCR in both dental plaque and saliva.
INTRODUCTION
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common
bacterial infections world-wide. It is associated with
chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease and constitutes
a major risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma and
lymphoma [1–4]. من بحث 764
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori in 1982 (565) was the
starting point of a revolution concerning the concepts and
management of gastroduodenal diseases.
It is now well accepted that the most common stomach
disease, peptic ulcer disease, is an infectious disease, and all
consensus conferences agree that the causative agent, H. pylori,
must be treated with antibiotics (131a, 295a).
Furthermore, the possibility emerged that this bacterium
could be the trigger of various malignant diseases of the stomach
and it is now a model for chronic bacterial infections
causing cancer. The rare gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue (MALT) lymphoma is the best example for which most
of Bradford Hill’s criteria of causality have been fulfilled, including
remission of the cancer after a successful eradication of
H. pylori (579). While sufficient proof is lacking for the most
common gastric cancer, i.e., gastric adenocarcinoma, numerous
data have highlighted the essential role of the villain (335).
The public health importance of the discovery of H. pylori
and its role in stomach diseases was recognized in 2005 by the
attribution of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to B.
Marshall and R. Warren. In the history of Nobel prizes, this is
only the third time that the discovery of a bacterium has been
acknowledged (358). من بحث 280
Peptic ulcer disease.
(i) Definitions. Gastric or duodenal
ulcers (commonly referred to as peptic ulcers) are defined as
mucosal defects with a diameter of at least 0.5 cm penetrating
through the muscularis mucosa (Fig. 1). Gastric ulcers mostly
occur along the lesser curvature of the stomach, in particular,
at the transition from corpus to antrum mucosa (661). Duodenal
ulcers usually occur in the duodenal bulb, which is the
area most exposed to gastric acid. In Western countries, duodenal
ulcers are approximately fourfold more common than
gastric ulcers; elsewhere, gastric ulcers are more common.
Duodenal ulcers in particular occur between 20 and 50 years of
Age