ELIZABETHAN LITERATURE
Named after Queen Elizabeth, who ruled between 1558-1603, but the great Elizabethan literary age is not considered as beginning until 1578;
This age also saw a great progress of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and drama;
It was greatly influenced by the Italian Renaissance, which rediscovered the Greek and Roman literature.
SIR THOMAS WYATT (1503-1542)
The first who brought the Italian sonnet to England (SONNET = a 14-line poem with fixed form and rhyme pattern)
Wyatt’s sonnets followed those of the Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374)
he is one of the originators of the convention in love poetry according to which the mistress is painted as hard-hearted and cruel.
He also wrote the first blank verse in English (BLANK VERSE = verse without rhyme)
HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF SURREY (1517-1547)
one of the founders of the English Renaissance poetry
Due to their excellent translations of Petrarch’s sonnets, Surrey and Wyatt are known as “the fathers of the English Sonnet“
While Wyatt introduced the sonnet into English, it was Surrey who gave it the rhyming meter and the division into quatrains
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616)
English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's best dramatist
He wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets
Most of them are written for a beautiful “dark lady”;
Themes: passage of time, love, beauty, mortality
Structure almost all constructed from three quatrains, which are 4-line stanzas, and a final couplet, which is a 2-line stanza
EDMUND SPENSER (1552-1599)
The poet who introduced the Elizabethan Age proper;
Became famous after he published The Shepherd’s Calendar (1579): a poem in 12 books, one for each month of the year
They take the form of discussions among shepherds and are the best pastorals written in English up to that time
His greatest work is The Faerie Queene
Spenser invented a special meter for this poem, the Spenserian stanza
He also wrote 88 sonnets under the title Amoretti
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554-1586)
His book of sonnets, Astrophel and Stella
ELIZABETHAN PROSE
FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)
an English philosopher, statesman,
Works: Essays* (), New Atlantis )
Some of the best-known sayings in English come from Bacon’s essays:
Why should I be angry with a man for loving himself better
than loving me?
Shakespeare’s Plays
Traditionally, Shakespeare’s plays are divided into the genres of
TRAGEDY: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello
HISTORY: Richard III, Henry VIII
COMEDY: Twelfth Night A Midsummer’s Night Dream, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew
ROMANCES: Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest
In his tragedies, the fatal weakness of character and the tragic course of events lead to a great man to ruin
BEN JONSON (1572-1637)
an English playwright, poet, and literary critic who popularized the comedy of humours (= a quality in a person, either foolishness or the chief strong feeling in a man)
His characters are walking humors, not really human, so his plays are far below Shakespeare’s
A rude and conceited man, Jonson used to say: “Here is my play. It is good. If you don’t like it’s your fault
WORKS:
Satirical Plays: Every Man in His Humour
Masques: The Masque of Beauty,
Tragedies:, Catiline
THE LONG EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Usually divided in three periods:
RESTORATION PERIOD (1660-1685)
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (or THE AGE OF REASON) (1685-1750)
THE AGE OF SENSIBILITY (1750-1817)
It witnessed:
the rise of the novel,
satire in English
the birth of the modern encyclopedia
developments in theater
the cult of sensibility
JOHN MILTON (1608-1674)
English poet, polemicist and man of letters, generally regarded as the English poet second after Shakespeare
Works:
Shorter poems:
Prose:
Long poems: Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost is an epic poem that tells the story of Adam and Eve and their failure to keep God’s commands. It contains 12 books, written in blank verse and in lines of unforgettable beauty. It is one of the most influential poems of all times.
RESTORATION DRAMA
RESTORATION PERIOD
Called after the restoration of King Charles II to the throne after 20 years of rule by the Parliament
Theaters reopen and the Restoration comedy becomes a staple genre
Women were allowed for the first time to perform on stage
The plays are clever, light, funny and generally a reflection of the behavior of the upper-class society of the time
IMPORTANT DRAMATISTS:
JOHN DRYDEN:
GEORGE ETHEREDGE:
comedy of manners (= bright and witty comedy that satirizes the manners of a particular class )
RESTORATION PROSE
JOHN LOCKE: Essay on Human Understanding (one of the most important works of English philosophy: it describes the mind at birth as a blank slate filled later through experience.
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POETRY (1660-1798)
The 18Th century is the Golden Age of Satire (= a work in which vices, follies, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule with the intent of shaming individuals into improvement).
Other genres: pastorals, epic poems, mock epics, odes, epigrams, elegies, epistles, hymns
Highly influenced by Neoclassicism (a return to classical models of Greek and Roman antiquity )
MAIN REPRESENTATIVES:
JOHN DRYDEN
ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744)
The greatest poet of the 18th century
Wrote mainly satirical verse and brilliantly translated Homer’s epics
Famous for his use of the heroic couplet
OTHER LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POETS
WILLIAM BLAKE (1757-1827)
Wrote mainly prophetic poetry; his poems are often difficult to understand
ROBERT BURNS (1759-1796)
a Scottish poet and lyricist, widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland
collected folk songs from across Scotland, revising or adapting them.
WILLIAM COWPER (1731-1800)
One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and scenes of the English countryside
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PROSE ( characteristic )
heroic romance is replaced by more mundane, everyday life topics;
improves on character development and, by the end of the century, experiments with gothic and sentimental prose
THE NOVEL is the main innovation of the century.
PERIODICAL PRESS
RICHARD STEELE AND JOSEPH ADDISON produced The Tatler (1709-1711) and The Spectator
ELIZA HAYWOOD, The Female Spectator (1744-46), the first periodical written by a woman for women; it took positions on public issues such as marriage, children, reading, education and conduct.
DANIEL DEFOE (1660-1731)
English writer, journalist, and spy one of the earliest proponents of the novel,
Along with Samuel Richardson and Eliza Haywood, he is considered one of the founders of the English novel
wrote more than 500 books
Main Works:
Roxanna (1724)
JOHATHAN SWIFT (1667-1745)
satirist, essayist, political
The foremost prose satirist in the English language; his style is wildly playful and funny
Main Works:
Gulliver’s Travels
SAMUEL RICHARDSON (1689-1761)
He is widely acknowledged as the author of the first epistolary novel in the English language (= a novel written in the form of letters)
Main Works:
Pamela
HENRY FIELDING (1707-1754)
An English novelist and dramatist known for his humor and satirical
Main Works:
NOVELS: Joseph Andrews - Shamela
Type of Novels: Bildungsroman (= a novel that describes the hero’s formation) and picaresque novel (= it tells the adventures of a low-class roughish hero).
SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-1784)
often referred to as Dr Johnson; an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature
has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of the most famous biography in the whole world literature
LAURENCE STERNE (1713-1768)
novelist
He discovers his talent for writing at the age of 46 and starts writing in order to supplement his income as a farmer
THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: GOTHIC NOVELS
HORACE WALPOLE (1717-1797)
Main Work: The Castle of Otranto (1764), the first Gothic novel
WILLIAM BECKFORD (1760-1844)
English novelist and art collector, extremely rich
Wrote the Gothic novel Vathek, An Arabian Tale claiming to be translated directly from Arabic.
ANN RADCLIFFE (1764-1823)
English novelist who wrote in a Romantic style (vivid descriptions of landscapes, long travel scenes). The Gothic element is obvious in her use of the “explained supernatural".
Main Works:
The Mysteries of Udolpho (17
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
الأدب الاليزابيثي سميت باسم الملكة إليزابيث الثانية، الذين حكموا بين 1558-1603، ولكن لا يعتبر سن الأدبية الاليزابيثي كبيرة كبداية حتى 1578؛ هذا العصر شهد أيضا تقدما كبيرا للأدب، ولا سيما في ميادين الشعر والدراما؛ أنه قد تأثر كثيرا "عصر النهضة الإيطالية"، التي أعيد اكتشافها في الأدب اليوناني والروماني.السير توماس ويات (1503-1542) أول الذين جلبوا السوناتة الإيطالية إلى إنكلترا (السوناتة = قصيدة 14-خط مع نمط النموذج وقافية ثابتة)السوناتات وايت اتبعت تلك الشاعر الإيطالي بترارك (1304-1374) وهو من منشئي الاتفاقية في الشعر الحب الذي رسمت العشيقة متحجرا والقاسية. كتب الآية الأولى فارغة أيضا في اللغة الإنكليزية (الآية فارغ = الآية دون قافية)هنري هوارد، إيرل ساري (1517-1547) أحد مؤسسي الشعر "النهضة الإنجليزية" بسبب ترجماتها ممتازة من السوناتات في بترارك، ساري وآيات هي المعروفة باسم "آباء السوناتة الإنجليزية"بينما وايت أدخلت في السوناتة الإنجليزية، كان ساري الذي أعطاه متر ناظم وتقسيم إلى الرباعياتويليام شكسبير (1564-1616) الشاعر الإنكليزي والكاتب المسرحي والممثل، يعتبر على نطاق واسع أعظم كاتب في اللغة الإنجليزية وأفضل كاتب مسرحي في العالم أنه كتب مسرحيات 38 و 154 السوناتات معظمها مكتوبة لجميلة "سيدة مظلمة"؛ Themes: passage of time, love, beauty, mortality Structure almost all constructed from three quatrains, which are 4-line stanzas, and a final couplet, which is a 2-line stanzaEDMUND SPENSER (1552-1599) The poet who introduced the Elizabethan Age proper; Became famous after he published The Shepherd’s Calendar (1579): a poem in 12 books, one for each month of the year They take the form of discussions among shepherds and are the best pastorals written in English up to that timeHis greatest work is The Faerie QueeneSpenser invented a special meter for this poem, the Spenserian stanzaHe also wrote 88 sonnets under the title AmorettiSIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554-1586)His book of sonnets, Astrophel and StellaELIZABETHAN PROSEFRANCIS BACON (1561-1626) an English philosopher, statesman, Works: Essays* (), New Atlantis ) Some of the best-known sayings in English come from Bacon’s essays: Why should I be angry with a man for loving himself betterthan loving me? Shakespeare’s Plays Traditionally, Shakespeare’s plays are divided into the genres of TRAGEDY: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Othello HISTORY: Richard III, Henry VIII COMEDY: Twelfth Night A Midsummer’s Night Dream, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew ROMANCES: Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest In his tragedies, the fatal weakness of character and the tragic course of events lead to a great man to ruinBEN JONSON (1572-1637) an English playwright, poet, and literary critic who popularized the comedy of humours (= a quality in a person, either foolishness or the chief strong feeling in a man) His characters are walking humors, not really human, so his plays are far below Shakespeare’s A rude and conceited man, Jonson used to say: “Here is my play. It is good. If you don’t like it’s your fault WORKS: Satirical Plays: Every Man in His Humour Masques: The Masque of Beauty, Tragedies:, CatilineTHE LONG EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Usually divided in three periods: RESTORATION PERIOD (1660-1685) THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (or THE AGE OF REASON) (1685-1750) THE AGE OF SENSIBILITY (1750-1817) It witnessed: the rise of the novel, satire in English the birth of the modern encyclopedia developments in theater the cult of sensibilityJOHN MILTON (1608-1674) English poet, polemicist and man of letters, generally regarded as the English poet second after Shakespeare Works: Shorter poems: Prose: Long poems: Paradise LostParadise Lost is an epic poem that tells the story of Adam and Eve and their failure to keep God’s commands. It contains 12 books, written in blank verse and in lines of unforgettable beauty. It is one of the most influential poems of all times.RESTORATION DRAMARESTORATION PERIOD Called after the restoration of King Charles II to the throne after 20 years of rule by the Parliament Theaters reopen and the Restoration comedy becomes a staple genre Women were allowed for the first time to perform on stage The plays are clever, light, funny and generally a reflection of the behavior of the upper-class society of the timeIMPORTANT DRAMATISTS: JOHN DRYDEN: GEORGE ETHEREDGE: comedy of manners (= bright and witty comedy that satirizes the manners of a particular class )RESTORATION PROSE JOHN LOCKE: Essay on Human Understanding (one of the most important works of English philosophy: it describes the mind at birth as a blank slate filled later through experience.EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POETRY (1660-1798)The 18Th century is the Golden Age of Satire (= a work in which vices, follies, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule with the intent of shaming individuals into improvement). Other genres: pastorals, epic poems, mock epics, odes, epigrams, elegies, epistles, hymns Highly influenced by Neoclassicism (a return to classical models of Greek and Roman antiquity )MAIN REPRESENTATIVES: JOHN DRYDENALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744) The greatest poet of the 18th century Wrote mainly satirical verse and brilliantly translated Homer’s epics Famous for his use of the heroic coupletOTHER LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY POETSWILLIAM BLAKE (1757-1827) Wrote mainly prophetic poetry; his poems are often difficult to understandROBERT BURNS (1759-1796) a Scottish poet and lyricist, widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland collected folk songs from across Scotland, revising or adapting them.WILLIAM COWPER (1731-1800) One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed the direction of 18th century nature poetry by writing of everyday life and scenes of the English countrysideEIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PROSE ( characteristic ) heroic romance is replaced by more mundane, everyday life topics; improves on character development and, by the end of the century, experiments with gothic and sentimental proseTHE NOVEL is the main innovation of the century.PERIODICAL PRESS RICHARD STEELE AND JOSEPH ADDISON produced The Tatler (1709-1711) and The Spectator ELIZA HAYWOOD, The Female Spectator (1744-46), the first periodical written by a woman for women; it took positions on public issues such as marriage, children, reading, education and conduct.DANIEL DEFOE (1660-1731) English writer, journalist, and spy one of the earliest proponents of the novel, Along with Samuel Richardson and Eliza Haywood, he is considered one of the founders of the English novel wrote more than 500 books Main Works: Roxanna (1724) JOHATHAN SWIFT (1667-1745) satirist, essayist, political The foremost prose satirist in the English language; his style is wildly playful and funny Main Works: Gulliver’s TravelsSAMUEL RICHARDSON (1689-1761) He is widely acknowledged as the author of the first epistolary novel in the English language (= a novel written in the form of letters)Main Works:
Pamela
HENRY FIELDING (1707-1754)
An English novelist and dramatist known for his humor and satirical
Main Works:
NOVELS: Joseph Andrews - Shamela
Type of Novels: Bildungsroman (= a novel that describes the hero’s formation) and picaresque novel (= it tells the adventures of a low-class roughish hero).
SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-1784)
often referred to as Dr Johnson; an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature
has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of the most famous biography in the whole world literature
LAURENCE STERNE (1713-1768)
novelist
He discovers his talent for writing at the age of 46 and starts writing in order to supplement his income as a farmer
THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: GOTHIC NOVELS
HORACE WALPOLE (1717-1797)
Main Work: The Castle of Otranto (1764), the first Gothic novel
WILLIAM BECKFORD (1760-1844)
English novelist and art collector, extremely rich
Wrote the Gothic novel Vathek, An Arabian Tale claiming to be translated directly from Arabic.
ANN RADCLIFFE (1764-1823)
English novelist who wrote in a Romantic style (vivid descriptions of landscapes, long travel scenes). The Gothic element is obvious in her use of the “explained supernatural".
Main Works:
The Mysteries of Udolpho (17
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