CONSEQUENCES REGAR~ING THE ROLE OF EMOTION IN TEACHERS‘ WORK The application of Williams’s concept of ”structures of feeling” to school emotional culture( s) in addressing the separation of ideology and immediate experi-ence identifies this separation as a problem of agency. In other words, emotions are made in social relations; “structures of feeling‘’ allude to the affective elements (such as emotions, desires, and commitments) toward teacher work. For example, the demand of professionalism as the skill to react emotionally to colleagues and students in a particular way, rather than with spontaneity, suggests that ultimately emotional labor is a necessary part of the work of teachers.24 Emotion management is seen as the type of emotion work (”what I try to feel”) it takes to cope with emotional norms (“what I should feel”). The emotion-management perspective is indebted to Freud for the general notion of what resources individuals possess for accomplishing emotion work; however, it differs from the Freudian perspective in its focus on conscious efforts to shape emotional expression accordmg to what is “appropriate.“ The “appropriateness” of an emotion is assessed by making a comparison between emotion and situation; this situation lends the teacher a socially “normal” yardsti~k.~~ Thus emotion work differs from the Freudian notion of emotion “control” and “suppression” because the latter two terms suggest an effort to prevent an emotion. Emotion work refers more broadly to the act of shaping or evoking an emotion (including suppression in some instances) and emotional labor is the outcome (which can be positive or negative). Arlie Hochschild mentions three techniques of emotion work: cognitive (the attempt to change ideas or thoughts by changing the emotion associated with them), bodily (the attempt to change the physical symptoms of emotions), and expressive (the attempt to change expressive gestures to change how one feels).26 Williams’s concept of “structures of feeling” involves more flexibility in ac-knowledging that emotion work (resistance and vulnerability) in teaching emerges from efforts to bridge experience and language. Whereas in Marxist theory experience and language remain separated and the social is reduced to fixed norms, Williams’s bridge between language and embodiment creates an open dynamic between the structures of school and the structures of feelings in daily practice. It is through this